中美贸易不平等程度的政治经济学分析——三大部类和一般利润率视角

The Political Economy Analysis of Inequality of Trade between China and the United States:Perspectives from the Three Departments and the General Profit Rate

本文在三大部类和一般利润率视角下,运用非竞争型投入产出表估算世界30个国家三大部类的价值构成与利润率,推算中美两国和世界的一般利润率,按照四位数产品编码将2000—2021年中国对美进出口的分类贸易商品划分到三大部类中,基于马克思–伊曼纽尔不平等交换思想,从国别与部类层面测度中美之间的贸易不平等程度。研究表明,2000—2021年,中国的一般利润率低于美国,呈现比美国一般利润率下降更快的态势,在世界利润分配格局中,低于国际市场上一般利润率所规定的平均水平。无论是在中美两国整体层面还是三大部类层面,中国不仅没能在中美贸易中获得世界一般利润率所要求的平均利润水平,还为美国转移了巨额超额利润。中美贸易是一个美国获利大于中国的不平等贸易过程。

This paper estimates the value composition and profit rates of the three major departments in 30 countries worldwide using a non-competitive input-output table from the perspective of the three major departments and general profit rates.It calculates the general profit rates of China,the United States,and the world.By categorizing China's imports and exports to the United States from 2000 to 2021 into the three major departments according to the four-digit product codes,the paper measures the degree of inequality of trade between China and the United States from both country and departments levels based on the Marx-Emmanuel theory of unequal exchange.The study reveals that China's general profit rate is lower than that of the United States and shows a faster decline compared to the general profit rate of the United States from 2000 to 2021.In the global profit distribution structure,China has not reached the average level dictated by the general profit rate in the international market.Whether at the overall level of Sino-U.S.trade or the departments level,China not only fails to achieve the average profit level required by the world's general profit rate in its trade with the United States but also transfers a large amount of excess profit to the United States.Sino-U.S.trade is an unequal trade process where the United States benefits more than China.