政府环境规制与制造业企业用工需求——来自网络招聘数据的微观证据

Government Environmental Regulation and Labor Demand of Manufacturing Enterprises:Micro Evidence from Online Recruitment Data

为实现“双碳”目标,处理好环境保护和就业的关系尤为关键。本文基于2014—2018年智联招聘数据库、全量企业注册数据库以及地级及以上城市的匹配数据,采用多维面板固定效应模型估计政府环境规制对制造业企业用工需求的影响效应,并基于理论分析框架验证环境规制影响企业用工需求的传导机制。研究结果表明,加强政府环境规制能够促进制造业企业用工需求增加,该结论在经过样本抽样偏差检验和内生性检验后依然成立。环境规制的用工需求创造效应主要体现在高技能、科研岗位以及有工作经验的劳动力群体。从行业和区域异质性分析结果看,在轻污染行业中,环境规制对企业用工需求的正效应更显著;在重污染行业中,环境规制仅对企业高技能的用工需求显著为正;在大城市、资源型城市和低碳试点城市中,环境规制对企业用工需求的影响更显著。从影响机制看,环境规制通过减少环境要素投入、提升技术创新水平促进制造业企业用工需求的增加。虽然环境规制能提升制造业企业的机器化水平,但对劳动力的替代效应不高。

In order to achieve the “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality” goals,it is crucial to properly handle the relationship between environmental protection and employment.Using the matching data of 2014—2018 Zhaopin database,the full enterprise registration database and the data of the cities at or above the prefecture level,and constructing a multi-dimensional panel fixed effect model,this paper estimates the direct and heterogeneous effects of government environmental regulation on the labor demand of manufacturing enterprises.And based on the theoretical analysis framework,the study verifies the transmission mechanism through which environmental regulations affect corporate labor demand based on a theoretical analysis framework.The results show that environmental policies implemented by the government lead to a rise in job demand within manufacturing firms.This finding remains consistent even when the data is adjusted for potential sample bias and analyzed through endogeneity test.The employment creation of environmental regulation is mainly reflected in highly educated,research position and experienced groups.From the industry and region perspectives,the positive effect of environmental regulation on firm labor demand is more significant in light pollution;in heavy pollution industries,environmental regulation only has a significant positive effect on the demand for highly skilled labor.The influence of environmental regulation on the labor demand of enterprises is more evident in large,low-carbon cities and resource-based cities.For the perspective of the mechanism,environmental regulation has increased the labor demand of manufacturing enterprises by reducing the input of environmental factors and improving the technology innovation.Although environmental regulation can improve the level of mechanization of enterprises in the manufacturing industry,the substitution effect on labor is not high.