城市化对动物的影响:从群落到个体

Effects of urbanization on animals:From community to individual level

城市化是全球变化的重要事件之一。城市化导致环境快速变化,加速了城市生物的进化过程,重塑了群落结构和种间互作关系。本文从群落、种群、个体3个水平综述了城市化对动物的影响,总结了研究的热点和不足,并对相关研究领域提出展望。目前相关研究主要以不透水面积比例或者城郊梯度来反映城市化水平,以空间代替时间,对比研究城市化下动物群落的物种组成和多样性,动物种群的数量和遗传结构,动物的性状、物候和行为等方面的变化。研究多集中在描述性对比分析,深入的机制研究以及实用性的应用研究还相对缺乏。因此,今后研究应该结合现象观察,利用控制实验寻找城市化中影响不同动物的关键因子,并利用分子手段探讨城市动物进化的分子遗传基础;特别关注城市中灰色栖息地的适应物种,它们往往与人类、宠物和食物等相关,对其进行研究有助于预测城市化对动物甚至人类健康的影响;由于复杂的种间互作网络在一定程度上可缓冲动物数量变化和行为改变对传粉、种子扩散、害虫防治等生态服务功能的影响,因此应加强研究城市化对群落中多营养级网络的影响;最终将动物多样性研究以及遗传结构等基础研究推广到城市生态规划与修复等应用方面。

Background&Aims:Urbanization is a global process accompanied by rapid environmental changes,which accelerates the evolutionary process of urban organisms and reshapes community structure and species interactions in urban ecosystems.In this paper,we reviewed relevant researches on the effects of urbanization on animals at community,population,and individual level.Then we summarized both the advances and shortcomings in the scientific urbanization literature.Finally,we provided an outlook for research in the related fields.Review Results:Currently,relevant studies primarily reflect the level of urbanization by using the proportion of impervious area or the urban-rural gradient.By replacing time with space,the studies explore the changing trend of species composition and diversity,population demographics,genetic structure of animals,biological traits,phenology,and behavior under urbanization.Most studies focus on descriptive analysis,while mechanism-based research and applied research are relatively lacking.Prospect:(1)Based on the observed phenomena under urbanization,future studies should conduct controlled experiments to identify the key factors affecting different animals under urbanization and explore the molecular genetic basis of urban biological evolution with molecular methods.(2)Particular attention needs to be paid to adaptive species in urban grey habitats,which are often associated with humans,pets,or food.Understanding how urban species adapt may provide direction and help predict the future effects of urbanization on animals,including human beings.(3)Since complex interspecific interaction networks can buffer the impacts of the change of animal abundance and behavior on ecological services such as pollination,seed dispersal,and pest control to a certain extent,the effects of urbanization on multitrophic networks should be studied further.(4)Finally,basic research on animal diversity and genetic structure should be extended to urban ecological planning and restoration.