基于红外相机调查的上海市长宁区社区生境花园生物多样性

Biodiversity in community habitat gardens in Changning District,Shanghai based on camera trapping

随着全球城市化的加速,城市生态系统的重要性日益凸显。社区生境花园作为一种基于自然的解决方案,对高密度城市的生物多样性保护有积极影响,受到学界和政府关注。然而,当前仍缺乏生境花园物种组成、相互作用和影响因素的量化研究。本研究旨在掌握生境花园内野生动物的物种组成、相对种群大小以及物种分布的时空变化,识别野生动物对城市内生物和非生物因子的响应,并评估城市社区背景下特有威胁因素对动物产生的影响,基于此分析动物保护措施的有效性,并提出适应性管理建议。本研究基于红外相机监测技术,利用2023年2月11日至2024年1月13日在上海市长宁区7座生境花园中10个位点,累积总有效红外相机工作日627 d的调查记录,收集到20,375张鸟类和哺乳动物的照片,分别使用相对多度指数、核密度分析法和回避-吸引指数、生物多样性指数和回归分析,评估了社区尺度动物种群的相对大小,分析了不同物种的日活动节律以及回避-吸引关系,揭示了生物多样性与生境花园相关因素的关系。结果表明,长宁区生境花园中至少存在15种鸟类和5种哺乳动物,其中猫(Felis catus)的相对多度指数最高。活动节律分析显示猫与其他野生动物存在时间上的避让关系,尤其对鸟类和小型哺乳动物构成威胁。生境花园周围景观的蓝绿基础设施斑块面积与花园内部的物种丰富度(S)(r=0.09,P>0.05)、多样性(H)(r=0.03,P>0.05)和均匀度(EH)(r=0.01,P>0.05)指数均呈正相关,但不显著。生境花园面积与物种α多样性关系微弱且相关性不显著(P>0.05)。生境花园的物种组成存在空间差异(β多样性)。本研究表明社区生境花园能与其他城市绿地空间协同为城市野生动物提供踏脚石,然而猫的泛滥对生境花园内物种多样性产生了破坏性影响。此外,花园自身的设计要素能够在微小尺度为野生动物提供水源、食源和庇护所等关键生存要素。在未来的建设和管理中,需要将生境花园纳入城市生物多样性保护规划中,考虑与周围景观的协同保护作用,并加强生境花园生物友好型的生态要素设计,加强对社区内宠物猫和野猫的管理,完善社区管理和维护机制。

Aims:With the acceleration of global urbanization,urban ecosystems are becoming increasingly important.Community habitat gardens,which are gardens that are populated with native plants and are designed to attract animals,positively impact urban biodiversity conservation in high-density cities.Thus,habitat gardens have drawn attention from academia and government institutions,but there is a lack of research on the exact impact of these gardens.Specifically,there is a need for quantitative research on species composition,interaction,and external factors in habitat gardens.This study aims to catalog the species composition,relative population size,and spatiotemporal distribution of wildlife in habitat gardens.These data can then be used to identify species’responses to biotic and abiotic factors within the city,and to identify and assess specific threats to the animals in these urban communities.This analysis will inform effective wildlife conservation measures and adaptive management recommendations.Methods:We surveyed 10 sites in seven habitat gardens in the Changning District of Shanghai from February 11,2023 to January 13,2024 using camera trapping technology.From this,we collected 20,375 photos of birds and mammals within 627 effective camera days.Based on this camera trapping data,methods including the relative abundance index,kernel density estimation,avoidance-attraction index,biodiversity index,and regression analysis were used.We explored the species composition of habitat gardens,assessed the relative sizes of animal populations at the community scale,analyzed the diel activity of different species,and investigated avoidance-attraction relationships between the species,revealing complex relationships between the animals and the habitat gardens.Results:The results indicated that at least 15 species of birds and five species of mammals existed in the habitat gardens in the Changning District.Out of all the species that were detected,the relative abundance index of cats(Felis catus)was the highest.Diel activity analysis showed temporal avoidance relationships between cats and other wildlife,with the cats posing a particular threat to birds and small mammals.The patch area of the blue-green infrastructure in the landscape surrounding the habitat gardens,quantified using a 1-meter resolution land use map,showed a positive correlation with species richness index(S)(r=0.09,P>0.05),diversity index(H)(r=0.03,P>0.05),and evenness index(EH)(r=0.01,P>0.05)within the gardens,although not significantly.The relationship between habitat garden area and speciesαdiversity was weak and insignificant(P>0.05).Finally,species inhabited different spaces within the habitat gardens(βdiversity).Conclusion:This study provides quantitative evidence that community habitat gardens can form ecological networks in synergy with other urban green spaces,thus providing stepping stones for urban wildlife.This study also highlights that proliferation of cats has a destructive impact on the biodiversity within habitat gardens.In future urban planning,habitat gardens should be incorporated into urban biodiversity conservation plans.Specific attention should be paid to their synergistic conservation effect with the surrounding landscape and on how to strengthen the eco-friendly design of habitat gardens.For example,the gardens should incorporate design elements that provide food,water,and shelter for animals to improve their survival.Additionally,It is essential to implement more strict management of domestic and feral cats within the community and bolster community involvement in maintenance of the garden space.