《刑事诉讼法》再修改如何构建科学的证据制度

Constructing a scientific evidence system in the further revision of the Criminal Procedure Law

我国《刑事诉论法》有关证据制度的内容,不仅条文数量有限,而且证据制度不完备,相关规定欠科学性。第四次《刑事诉讼法》修改应以大幅度增加法律条文、完善证据制度和增强规定的科学性和可操作性以适应现实需要为指导思想。修正证据概念,限缩法定证据种类并使之保持开放体系,增加刑事证据保全制度;确立无罪推定原则、证据裁判原则、自由心证原则和直接言词原则;增加传闻证据规则、证人免证特权规则、意见证据规则和对质规则、辨认规则和证据异议规则;同时,将“排除合理怀疑”作为定罪证明标准,取代“证据确实充分”;区分严格证明与自由证明,分别适用不同的证明对象;明确推定与推理的区别,有罪推定仅限于法律规定的事项;对众所周知的事实、司法认知等作出明确规定。

Provisions regarding evidence in China's Criminal Procedure Law are not only limited in numbers,but also lacking completeness and scientific nature.The forthcoming fourth revision of the Criminal Procedure Law should be guided by the goal of satisfying the need of reality and draw attention on multiplying the number of evidence provisions,improving the evidence system,and enhancing the scientific nature and operational ability of evidence provisions.The concept of evidence should be modified,the legal types of evidence should be limited and kept open,and the system of preservation of criminal evidence should be introduced.The principle of presumption of innocence,the principle of evidence-based adjudication,the principle of free evaluation of evidence,and the principle of direct oral testimony should be established.The rules of hearsay,the rules of privilege,the rules of expert opinion,the rules of confrontation,the rules of authentication,and the rules of objection should also be added.At the same time,the proof standard of“sufficient evidence”in criminal conviction should be replaced by the standard of"beyond a reasonable doubt".The distinction should be drawn between strict proof and free proof when the matters that need be proved are different.The distinction between presumption and inference should be clarified,and the presumption of guilt should be limited to specific matters and subject to law.Explicit provisions should also be made to regulate well-known facts and judicial notice,among other things.