议题属性与国内政治:全球数字治理的合作与竞争

Issue Attributes and Domestic Politics:Cooperation or Competition of Global Digital Governance

随着数字化与全球化的相互交织,全球数字治理作为一种新兴现象引发了国内外学界的普遍关注。全球数字治理源于数字技术和数字业态的创新应用,其不同议题以及相同议题的不同历史发展阶段均表现出差异化的治理特征,而从功能主义或权力主义视角出发的传统理论不能对此给出有效解释。文章基于“对自身的影响”和“对他者的影响”两个维度,将全球数字治理模式划分为合作、弱合作、弱竞争、竞争等四种,进而从议题属性、国内政治两个维度构建理论解释框架。议题属性维度将全球数字治理议题区分为公地喜剧和公地悲剧两类,国内政治维度则关注主要国家国内决策的多元程度,并将其划分为多元化和单一化两类。以“斯诺登事件”前后的互联网、数据跨境流动全球治理为例,研究发现,当单方面出现议题属性的公地喜剧或国内政治决策的多元化特征时,都可能促进全球数字治理合作的达成;当两个维度同时表现出公地悲剧和单一化特征时,全球数字治理的竞争分歧乃至冲突将难以避免。

With the interweaving of digitalization and globalization,global digital governance as an emerging phenomenon has attracted widespread academic interest.Global digital governance originates from the innovation and application of digital technology,covering a range of issues with heterogeneous governance modes and characteristics.Traditional theories based on functionalism or authoritarianism cannot provide an effective explanation for the heterogeneity.Based on the two dimensions of“influence on oneself”and“influence on others”,the paper divides the global digital governance model into four types:cooperation,weak cooperation,weak competition,and competition.Then,a theoretical explanation framework is constructed from the two dimensions of issue attributes and domestic politics.The issue attribute dimension divides global digital governance issues into two categories:comedy of the commons and tragedy of the commons.The domestic political dimension focuses on the degree of diversity of domestic decision-making in major countries and divides them into two categories:diversity and unification.Taking the global governance of the Internet and cross-border data flows before and after the“Snowden incident”as cases,the study found that when the comedy of the commons on issue attributes dimension or the diversified characteristics of domestic political decision-making appear,it may promote global digital governance cooperation;when the two dimensions show the characteristics of tragedy of the commons and unification simultaneously,competition,divergence and even conflict in global digital governance will be difficult to avoid.