重组病毒载体疫苗的研究新进展

New progress in the research of recombinant virus vector vaccines

重组病毒载体疫苗是以病毒为载体递送目的抗原的一种疫苗。病毒载体技术路线早期多用于动物疫苗和难以用传统技术路线开发的病原体疫苗。我国针对新型冠状病毒感染疫苗研发布局的5条技术路线中, 因重组病毒载体疫苗具备可同时产生较强的体液和细胞免疫、可通过黏膜途径接种以及1剂完成免疫程序等优势而获批上市, 并在疫情防控中起到了重要作用。但重组病毒载体疫苗因预存免疫问题, 即存在可能降低疫苗保护效力、为增强免疫原性可能导致安全性风险提升等因素, 故上市的重组病毒载体疫苗产品较少。随着基因工程技术、分子生物学技术的发展, 病毒载体种类日渐增多, 并在多种疫苗中得到应用。此文就重组病毒载体疫苗的研发现状进行综述。

Recombinant virus vector vaccine is a kind of vaccine which uses virus as vector to deliver target antigen.The technical route of virus vector was mostly used for animal vaccines and the pathogen vaccines which were difficult to develop with traditional technical routes in the early stage.Among the five technical routes for the research and development of vaccines against COVID-19 in China,the recombinant virus vector vaccine was approved for marketing and played an important role in the prevention and control of the epidemic because of its advantages of simultaneously producing strong humoral and cellular immunity,being vaccinated through mucosal pathway,and completing the immunization program with one dose.However,due to the pre-existing immune problems of this vaccine,such as factors that may reduce the protective efficacy of the vaccine,and the increase of safety risks in order to enhance immunogenicity,there are few recombinant virus vector vaccine products on the market.With the development of genetic engineering and molecular biology technology,the variety of virus vectors is increasing day by day,and it has been applied in many vaccines.In this paper,the research and development status of recombinant virus vector vaccine is reviewed.