清代朝贺礼制的政治史考察

Investigation on the Political History of the Congratulatory Etiquette in the Qing Dynasty

清代朝贺礼制随政权演变而阶段性推进。金国建立时开始出现元旦庆贺礼,群臣仅行三叩头礼,十分简朴,与少数民族汗国形态相适应。崇德朝称帝后,仿汉制进表并宣读,群臣行三跪九叩头礼,并出现万寿节朝贺和皇室朝贺礼体系,与偏居东北的帝国形态相适应。顺治朝入关后,继承了明朝全国性的朝贺礼体系,形成中外一统、普天同庆的朝贺盛况。而满洲因素的融入,皇室政治权力格局的变化,对朝贺礼制产生了重要影响,使其超越明制,增添了时代特色。

The congratulatory etiquette of Qing Dynasty was promoted in stages with the evolution of the regime.When the Jin State was established,New Year’s Day celebrations began to appear,with only three kowtows,which was very simple and adapted to the form of the minority khanate.In the Chongde period,the congratulatory etiquette was standardized as three kneels and nine taps,and appeared the emperor’s birthday congratulatory etiquette and the royal family congratulatory etiquette system,which was adapted to the imperial form in the northeast.After entering Shanhaiguan,the Qing Dynasty inherited the Ming Dynasty’s nationwide system of congratulatory etiquette,forming a unified and universal celebration.The etiquette system of the Ming Dynasty provided the basic framework and main content for the construction of the imperial congratulatory etiquette system of the Qing Dynasty,while the integration of Manchu factors,the change of the political power pattern of the imperial family and the transcendent development of the congratulatory etiquette system in the Ming Dynasty all had an important impact on the congratulatory etiquette system in the Qing Dynasty,and added the characteristics of the times to it.