生态环境侵权惩罚性赔偿的体系性优化

Systemic Optimization of the Eco-Environmental Tort Punitive Damages

惩罚性赔偿责任是介于公法和私法之间的社会法责任,其法律效果是对责任人一般行为自由的限制,因此兼具法秩序统合和基本权利保障功能的宪法应当在生态环境侵权惩罚性赔偿制度的发展过程中发挥体系性控制作用。生态环境侵权惩罚性赔偿制度的设立具有宪法基础,但相关司法解释的制定存在触发实体责任结构失衡、程序权利保障不足的双重宪法解释风险,有必要从多个维度进行控制。具体策略在于:从追究主体和补充功能两个角度限定其适用条件,并发挥比例原则和基本权利正当程序功能的约束作用。在实体维度,有必要基于妥当性原则、必要性原则、均衡性原则限缩适用生态环境侵权惩罚性赔偿制度。在程序层面,应对生态环境侵权惩罚性赔偿程序规则进行适度的公法化调适。

Due to the nature of the eco-environmental tort punitive damages liability belongs to the social law liability,and in the effect of the basic rights of the responsible person constitutes a restriction,the Constitutional Law should play an important role in the development of the eco-environmental tort punitive damages system.The establishment of the punitive damages system for eco-environmental torts has a constitutional basis,but the formulation of relevant judicial interpretations carries the dual constitutional interpretation risks of triggering an imbalance in the structure of substantive liability and insufficient protection of procedural rights.The specific strategy to control these risks involves:defining its applicable conditions from the perspectives of subject of accountability and its supplementary function,while emphasizing the role of the principle of proportionality and the procedural due process of fundamental rights in control and restraint.Substantially,the application of eco-environmental tort punitive damages should be restricted based on principles of appropriateness,necessity,and balance.Procedurally,these rules should be adapted to align with public law.