从互斥到并行:民事欺诈与刑事诈骗关系再反思

From Mutual Exclusion to Parallelism:Rethinking the Relationship between Civil Fraud and Criminal Fraud

以往尝试界分民事欺诈与刑事诈骗的讨论,其本质上是将民事欺诈与刑事诈骗视为互斥的两组构成要件。然而,当以是否契合于逐一检验构成要件及构成要素的犯罪审查思路作为考察标准时,则能够发觉,在犯罪审查过程中,需要对行为人可能该当的构成要件以及具体的构成要素逐一加以检验,用以界分二者的互斥构成要素并不具有被额外标识的必要,相关界分讨论反而偏离了构成要件的功能所在,并致使限缩诈骗犯罪可罚性的任务过度依赖于少数构成要素。在基于“三阶层”犯罪论体系所展开的犯罪审查思路下,无需讨论民事欺诈与刑事诈骗构成要件之间的关系。相应地,行为是否构成民事欺诈与刑事诈骗的判断也应当被视为两套并行的审查程序。

Previous attempts to distinguish between civil fraud and criminal fraud have essentially regarded civil fraud and criminal fraud as mutually exclusive sets of constituent elements.However,when the criterion is taken as whether it is in line with the idea of criminal review that examines the constituent elements and constituent elements one by one,it can be found that in the process of criminal review,it is necessary to examine the constituent elements and specific constituent elements that the actor may be responsible for one by one,and the mutually exclusive constituent elements used to distinguish the two do not have the need to be additionally marked,and the relevant demarcation discussion deviates from the function of the constituent elements.As a result,the task of limiting the punishability of fraud crimes relies excessively on a small number of constituent elements.Under the idea of crime review based on the"three-stages"system,we do not need to discuss the relationship between the constitutive elements of civil fraud and criminal fraud.Correspondingly,the determination of whether an act constitutes civil fraud and criminal fraud should also be regarded as two parallel sets of review procedures.