中国橡胶树抗逆栽培:成就与展望

Stress resistant cultivation of rubber trees in China:achievements and prospects

橡胶树(Hevea brasiliensis Muell.Arg.)原产于巴西亚马孙河流域,喜高温多雨,是典型的热带雨林树种.中国植胶业是在特殊历史背景下,在热带北缘橡胶次适宜区从无到有、从弱到强逐步发展起来的,并形成了一套独具中国特色的橡胶树抗逆栽培技术体系,实现了世界植胶史上的一次壮举——橡胶北移.本文简要介绍了中国橡胶树的引种栽培历史,总结了包括高抗橡胶树品种的选育与配置、种苗繁育、防灾减灾、胶园培肥和采胶技术等在内的技术变革及其贡献.同时,结合目前天然橡胶价格持续低迷、劳动力短缺、机械化管理水平低等产业问题,分析了中国天然橡胶产业未来的发展趋势及前景,提出了通过加速良种选育、创新栽培模式、加强科技支撑、提高产品质量、提高生产效率等方式促进中国天然橡胶产业健康可持续发展的建议.

The rubber tree(Hevea brasiliensis Muell.Arg.),which is originated from Brazil Amazon River basin and cultivated world-wide for producing natural rubber,is a typical tropical rainforest tree.It favors the environment with high temperature,high precipitation and mild wind.However,the plantations of rubber tree in China are located in the sub-optimal area in the northern margin of tropical zone.Therefore,a series of specialized techniques were developed to deal with various stresses.In this article,the introduction and cultivation history of rubber trees in China were briefly summarized firstly.Then,the technique evolution and their contributions,including the selection and cultivation of high resistant rubber varieties,seedling culture,stress resistant cultivation,soil and fertilizer management,as well as natural rubber harvesting techniques were reviewed.Lastly,the challenges,such as low latex price,labor shortage,low level of mechanization in plantation management,and the future development of China’s natural rubber industry were discussed.It was suggested to promote the healthy and sustainable development of natural rubber industry by increasing scientific and technological support,innovating cultivation modes,and improving product quality and production efficiency.