从地方经验思考海洋资源管理:马来西亚近海渔业个案分析

Reflections on Marine Resource Management Based on Local Experiences:A Case Study of Malaysian Offshore Fisheries

作为对马来半岛沿近海渔业的民族志研究,本文聚焦于长期与海洋环境互动的主体——“海脚人”的视角,从地方华裔的海洋经验切入,反思以财产权为基础的当代海洋渔业资源管理制度。受西方自然科学观和经济学视角的影响,该制度基于对非人类资源的终极稀缺之预设,通过创立和分配捕捞权来落实渔业准入原则。然而,地方华裔渔民长期的经验揭示了该制度设计与其底层逻辑之间存在不协调性与冲突。地方经验体现的多重主体性,一定程度上决定了海洋资源的管理、使用具有多重可能,这启示我们应超越已有的环境治理的标准模式,思考新的治理路径。

As an ethnographic study of offshore fisheries along the Malay Peninsula,this article focuses on the perspectives of“hai-ka-nang”,subjects who have long interacted with the marine environment,and reflects on the contemporary property rights-based policy of marine fishery resources management.Influenced by the naturalism and liberal economic perspectives of the Global North,the policy is based on a presumption of ultimate scarcity of non-human resources and implements the principle of fisheries access through the creation and allocation of fishing rights.However,the continuous experiences of local Chinese fishermen have revealed the contradictions between the policy’s design and its underlying logic.To a certain extent,the nature of multiple subjectivities embodied in local experiences determines the multiple possibilities for the management and use of marine resources,which also inspires us to go beyond the normative modes of environmental governance and think about new governance paths.