账与礼:礼的义务性与表达性的转换与过渡——基于滇南HW村葬礼礼簿的研究

Accounts and Gifts:The Transformation and Transition of Obligatory Nature and Expressiveness of Gifts——A Study Based on Funeral Account Books of Village HW in Southern Yunnan Province

礼物交换被认为是人类普遍的互惠形式,错综复杂的社会关系网络通过礼物流动来缔结和维系。在对滇南HW村葬礼的多次田野调查中发现,一场葬礼中明确命名并登记在册的礼簿包括“柴账”“自带口粮账”“老账”“新账”“祭账”五种。这五种礼簿对应着与邻里、村落、宗亲、姻亲及祖先的互惠关系。对礼簿的细分是当地集体互助治丧习俗的产物,集体互助治丧习俗建构的权利与义务体系,使特定互惠圈中礼的流动超越了表达性而呈现出明确的义务性特征。随着集体互助治丧逐渐被家庭治丧所取代,礼的义务性逐渐向表达性过渡。

Gift exchange is considered as a universal form of reciprocity among human beings.The complex network of social relationship is built and maintained through the flow of gifts.According to several field investigations of funeral ceremony in village HW in southern Yunnan,there are five kinds of gift records in a funeral which are clearly registered as:“firewood account”,“bringing-one’s-own-ration account”,“old account”,“new account”and“sacrifice account”.These five types of gift records correspond to the reciprocal relationship among neighbors,villages,clan relatives,in-laws and ancestors respectively.The subdivision of gift records is the product of the local funeral service custom of collective mutual assistance.The system of rights and obligations established on the custom of collective mutual assistance in funeral service makes the flow of gifts in a specific reciprocity circle go beyond expressiveness and shows a clear characteristic of obligation.As the funeral service of collective mutual assistance was gradually replaced by family funerals,the obligatory nature of gifts gradually transitioned to expressiveness.