新能源汽车动力电池生产碳足迹研究

Research on the carbon footprint of new energy vehicle power battery production

为了研究新能源汽车动力电池生产过程中的碳足迹,分析生产工艺和能源投入对碳排放的影响,提出相应的降低碳排放的措施,有效降低电池生产过程中碳排放,实现新能源汽车及交通领域减碳。采用LCA评估方法,对动力电池生产生命周期过程(包括原材料获取、运输阶段、制造阶段)碳排放进行建模及量化,评估不同环节碳排放影响。结果表明:(1)动力电池生产组织碳排放过程上游原材料排放>外购能源排放>燃料燃烧排放>运输排放>逸散排放,其中原材料和外购能源排放占比超过90%;(2)原材料获取阶段正负极材料、一次注液、组装碳排放为其主要碳排放源,其中镍钴锰酸锂(NMC)、电解液、铝壳、石墨排放占比较高;(3)电池生产企业实施节能改善技术,可有效降低单位产品碳排放,采用经济运行、设备改造、设备维保、日常管理、新技术与工艺等技术措施,年节约能耗可达到10%,其中除湿机及耗能设备为减排实施重点;(4)对比同行业动力电池制造商,电池工厂平均生产1kW·h电芯所使用外购能源约排放14kgCO_(2e),因地域差异电网结构不同,产生的电池生产能效差异明显,火电使用占比高地区电力碳排放因子相对较高;(5)动力电池生产生命周期碳减排路径分析,电池生产及正、负极材料生产100%采用绿电,使用再生三元材料、再生铝和再生塑料,可减排65%,最终可实现动力电池生产单位产品碳排放放达到25—35kgCO_(2)/kW·h。

To investigate the carbon footprint of the production process of electric vehicle(EV)batteries,analyze the impact of production processes and energy input on carbon emissions,propose corresponding measures to reduce carbon emissions,effectively low-er carbon emissions during battery production,and achieve decarbonization in the new energy vehicle and transportation sectors.The pa-per adopted the Life Cycle Assessment(LCA)method to model and quantify carbon emissions throughout the lifecycle of EV battery production,including raw material acquisition,transportation stages,and manufacturing stages,to assess the carbon emission impacts at different stages.The results showed that:①Upstream raw material emissions>purchased energy emissions>fuel combustion emis-sions>transportation emissions>fugitive emissions in the production of EV batteries,with raw material and purchased energy emis-sions accounted for over 90%.②In the raw material acquisition stage,the main sources of carbon emissions were positive and negative electrode materials,electrolyte injection,and assembly,with nickel-cobalt-manganese(NCM),electrolyte,aluminum shell,and graphite emissions were relatively high.③Implementing energy-saving improvement technologies in battery production enterprises could effectively reduce unit product carbon emissions by up to 10%annually,with focus on dehumidifiers and energy-consuming e-quipment in emission reduction efforts through economic operation,equipment modification,equipment maintenance,daily management,new technologies,and processes.④Compared to peers in the industry,on average,battery factories emit approximately 14kgCO_(2e)/kW·h of battery cell produced using purchased energy,with significant differences in battery production energy efficiency due to regional variations in grid structure,and regions with higher proportions of coal-fired electricity generation had relatively higher power carbon e-mission factors.⑤Analysis of carbon emission reduction paths in the lifecycle of EV battery production showed that using 100%re-newable energy for battery production and positive/negative electrode material production,as well as utilizing recycled ternary materials,recycled aluminum,and recycled plastics,could reduce emissions by 65%,ultimately achieve a unit product carbon emission of 25—35kgCO_(2)/kW·h for EV battery production.