马克思“人的本质”思想的深层逻辑探析——在内容与形式的辩证统一中把握“人的本质”思想

Exploration and Analysis on the Deep Logic of Marx’s Thought on Human Essence——Grasping Marx’s Idea of “Human Essence” from the Dialectical Unity of Content and Form

在马克思看来,“人的本质”是一个不断生成的社会历史概念,具有深层逻辑演进脉络。他通过“自由自觉的活动(劳动)”范畴揭示人区别于动物的类本质,即人的本质的内容;通过“社会关系”范畴揭示人与人相区别的现实规定性,即人的本质的表现形式;通过“实践”范畴,在内容和形式的辩证统一中把握人的本质,使社会关系合乎人性的程度与人的解放程度内在统一起来,实现真理与价值在实践中的真正统一。为避免抽象人性论,马克思一方面运用抽象到具体等辩证逻辑方法,围绕“劳动”这个本源性的核心范畴,层层派生演绎出“需要”“生产力”“生产关系”等一级概念,“自由”“正义”“分工”等二级概念,以及其他更微观具体的概念,在思维行程中再现人的本质内容的完整规定性;另一方面将“社会关系”提升为变革社会存在的本体论范畴,深入人们周遭生产生活的社会环境之中,剖析社会关系、交往形式在不同时代、领域、范围、层次的种种表现形式,揭示人的本质的丰富表现形式,将对人的本质的哲学思辨贯通于政治经济学、社会学、历史学等对人类社会发展规律的实证分析之中,将人学贯通于科学之中,使人学成为一门真正的科学。

perspective to concrete perspective,and derived and deduced first-level concepts such as“need”,“productive forces”and“production relations”based on the core concept“labor”second-level concepts such as“freedom”,“justice”and“division of labor”as well as other more microscopic and concrete concepts.It aimed to reproduce the complete prescriptiveness of the content of the essence of human beings in the thinking process.On the other hand,“social relations”will be elevated to the ontological concept of changing social existence,which can go deep into the social environment of people’s production and life,be used to analyze the various manifestations of social relations and forms of communication in different eras,fields,scopes and levels,and reveal the rich manifestations of human nature.By integrating philosophical speculation on human nature into the empirical analysis of the laws of human social development in political economy,sociology and history,it can make anthropology a real independent science.