Phylogenetic analyses and antigenic characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus PanAsia lineage circulating in China between 1999 and 2023

Foot-and-mouth disease(FMD)is one of the most important transboundary animal diseases caused by foot-andmouth disease virus(FMDV),leading to significant economic losses worldwide.Thefirst report of PanAsia lineage of FMDV in China was in 1999.Since 2011,18 outbreaks attributed to PanAsia lineage viruses have been reported across 7 provinces or municipality in China.Phylogenetic analysis indicated that these PanAsia strains were clustered into three distinct clades(clade 1,clade 2,and clade 3),with nucleotide homology ranging from 91.4%to 100%.The outbreaks of FMD caused by clade 1 strains occurred around 1999 when this lineage was prevalent globally.Clade 2 strains dominated from 2011 to 2013,while clade 3 strains were prevalent during 2018–2019,sharing only 93%homology with clade 2 strains and 91%with clade 1 strains.Tracing analysis showed that these outbreaks represented 3 distinct introductions of PanAsia viruses into China.Virus neutralization tests(VNT)have demonstrated that current commercial vaccines are effective to protect susceptible animals against these strains(r1>0.3).However,the growing demand for livestock has promoted animal movement and encouraged the exchange of products,services,and materials between countries,thereby heightening the risk of exotic strain incursions.Therefore,it is imperative to reinforce border controls and limit animal movements among various Asian countries continually to reduce the risk of new transboundary diseases,such as FMD incursion.Additionally,PanAsia-2 strains need to be taken seriously to prevent its incursions,and the relevant vaccines against PanAsia-2 strains need to be stockpiled in preparation for any possible incursion.