中国重点城市饮用水中锑的污染特征及健康风险评价

Contamination characteristics and health risk assessments of antimony indrinking water in major cities in China

锑是具有潜在致癌性的有毒金属,被应用于生产阻燃剂和工业辅料等.中国是锑的重要生产及消费大国.环境中的锑可以通过水、空气、食物、皮肤接触等多种途径进入人类体内,长期摄入可能对人体健康造成影响.因此,对我国锑污染现状及健康风险进行研究可为环境管理工作提供依据.本研究基于Q-Q图法对样本中未检出数据进行左删失处理,并利用无影响阈值可靠性分析方法(NRA方法)推导了锑的每日最大允许摄入量(ADI),同时应用联合概率分布图法计算锑超过最大无影响作用水平(NOAEL)的概率,评估我国“十一五”至“十三五”期间饮用水中锑对不同人群健康风险,并解析其风险变化规律.结果表明:在2007—2021年期间,全国范围内各地区饮用水中锑的平均浓度排序为华南>华东>东北>华中>西南>西北>华北;“十一五”、“十二五”、“十三五”期间出水锑浓度均值分别为0.17、0.37、0.27μg·L^(-1);不同时期饮用水中锑的慢性每日摄入量(CDI)排序为“十二五”>“十三五”>“十一五”;不同年龄段人群健康风险呈现婴幼儿群体>青少年人群>成年人群的趋势;金属锑超过NOAEL的概率分别为4.3%、2.4%、2.3%,风险呈现逐年下降趋势.

Antimony is a potentially carcinogenic toxic metal that is widely used in industry and healthcare.China is the main producer and consumer of antimony,and antimony in the environment can enter the human body through multiple routes such as water,air,food,and skin contact.Long-term exposure to antimony may affect human health,therefore,the research on the current situation and health risks of antimony pollution in China offers a foundation for environmental management.This study used the Q-Q plot method to handle the nondetects in the sample,and used the non-detectable response analysis(NRA)method to derive the Acceptable Daily Intake(ADI)of antimony.The joint probability distribution method was used to calculate the probability of exceeding the maximum No Observed Adverse Effect Level(NOAEL)of antimony,and evaluate the health risks of antimony in drinking water in different populations during the 11th and 13th Five-Year Plans in China,and analyze the risk variation pattern.The results are as follows:From 2007 to 2021,the average concentrations of antimony in each region were ranked as follows:South China>East China>Northeast China>Central China>Southwest China>Northwest China>North China.The mean concentrations of antimony in water sources were 0.17μg·L^(-1),0.37μg·L^(-1),and 0.27μg·L^(-1),respectively.The CDI ranking order of antimony in drinking water in different periods is:12th Five-Year Plan>13th Five-Year Plan>11th Five-Year Plan.The health risks of different age groups showed the trend of infants and toddlers>adolescents>adults.The probabilities of antimony exceeding the NOAEL were 4.3%,2.4%,and 2.3%,respectively,and the risk exceeding probability showed a downward trend year by year.