民国时期中央研究院工程研究所陶瓷科技考古方法的探索与实践

The Exploration and Practice of Scientific Archaeology Methods in Ceramic Science at the Engineering Research Institute of the Academia Sinica during the Republic of China

1928年,中央研究院工程研究所成立。在所长周仁的带领下,该所将陶瓷业作为最早谋划开展研究的工业领域之一,旨在尝试以实验室和试验场相结合的工业实验室模式,用科学的方法改良中国经验制瓷传统。文章借助新史料,通过考察该所对南宋官窑古瓷的发掘和工艺总结、全国瓷土原料调查分析、古瓷釉料分析和仿制等工作,分析该所尝试改良陶瓷工业的研究思路和方法。研究发现,工程研究所将科学分析实验的设计视为古陶瓷研究的基础,运用包括化学成分分析、物理性质分析等方法为改良中国陶瓷工业提供科学依据,并由此形成了中国陶瓷科技考古方法的早期实践。虽然工程研究所在其早期发展的十年间未能彻底实现改良传统陶瓷工业的目标,但其对古陶瓷理化研究的尝试,无疑为中国传统考古工作带来了新方法,推动了现代陶瓷科技考古研究的发展,使之成为中国古陶瓷考古与科技研究的先行者。

In 1928,the National Research Institute of Engineering of the Academia Sinica(中央研究院工程研究所Zhongyang Yanjiuyuan Gongcheng Yanjiusuo)was established.Under the leadership of its director,Chow Jen(周仁),ceramics was on the top of its planned research list.The aim was to try an industrial laboratory model that combined laboratories and experimental workshops,and use scientific methods to improve China s experience-based porcelain making tradition.Based on new historical materials,this paper analyzes the research concepts and methods of the Institute s work,including their investigation of the excavation and production process summary of the Southern Song Dynasty Guan Kiln(官窑),investigation and analysis of the raw materials of ceramic clay in China,and analysis and imitation of ancient ceramic glazes.The study found that the Institute regarded the design of scientific analytical experiments as the basis for ancient ceramics research,including methods such as chemical composition analysis and physical property analysis.Their efforts gave rise to the development of the early practice of scientific and technological methods for Chinese ceramics.Although the Institute did not fulfilled its goal of improving the traditional ceramic industry in its early decade of development,its attempts at physical and chemical research of ancient ceramics brought new methods to traditional Chinese archaeological work and promoted modern archaeometric research of ceramics.These developments made the institute a pioneer in archaeological and technological research on ancient Chinese ceramics.