多尺度农业生态系统服务研究进展

Research progress and prospects of multi⁃scale agroecosystem services

农业生态系统服务是由受人类活动深度调控和影响的农业系统产生,其在提供有益生态系统服务的同时,也产生了诸多对人类福祉有负面影响的生态系统负服务。农业生态系统服务和负服务研究不仅关注传统的粮食安全,同时关注与生态安全的共赢,可为实现农业可持续发展提供新的科学视角。基于文献阅读,在明晰农业生态系统服务和负服务内涵及主要特征的基础上,旨在(1)归纳农业生态系统服务和负服务研究的核心尺度和热点议题;(2)梳理多级尺度的典型指标及适用性评估方法;(3)提出未来农业生态系统服务和负服务领域的关键发展方向。农业生态系统服务研究主要涉及田块、景观和区域三个核心尺度,随着尺度扩大,热点议题从关注田块农作物自身,到关注景观异质性及其关联,再到关注区域上与社会系统的结合。农业生态系统除了提供典型或特殊的粮食供给、授粉、杂草防控等服务,同时也带来农业废料、病虫害、生境破损等负服务。对于农业生态系统服务评估,定性和半定量方法通常可适用于多级尺度,而不同定量方法和模型的最佳适用尺度存在差异。未来可重点从时空权衡作用分析、供需和流动机制探索、生态价值实现及生态补偿制定方向为多尺度的农业景观规划与设计提供理论和实践支撑,从生态系统服务视角有效促进农业的可持续发展。

Agroecosystem services are generated by agricultural systems that are deeply regulated and influenced by human activities.Apart from providing beneficial ecosystem services,they also bring multiple ecosystem disservices that have negative impacts on human well-being.Agroecosystem services and disservices are not only related to traditional food production but also related to ecological security,which can provide a new scientific perspective for promoting agricultural sustainable development.For agroecosystem services and disservices,they often show the following main characteristics:(1)the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of agroecosystem services and disservices are shaped by both natural and anthropogenic factors;(2)agricultural management practices impact the trade-offs and synergies between ecosystem services and disservices;(3)spatial flows of agroecosystem services supply and demand occur between agricultural ecosystems and socio-economic systems;(4)the generation and maintenance agroecosystem services and disservices interact across multiple interconnected scales.Based on literatures,this paper aimed to(1)summarize the core scales and hot topics of agroecosystem services and disservices;(2)sort out typical indicators and assess the applicability of evaluation methods at multiple scales;(3)propose key directions for agroecosystem services and disservices in the future.Research on agroecosystem service mainly involved three core scales:field,landscape,and regional scale.As the scale expanded,the hot topics shifted from focusing on field crops to considering landscape heterogeneity and its associations,and then to examining the integration with social systems at the regional level.In addition to providing typical or specific services such as food supply,pollination,and weed control,agricultural ecosystems also brought disservices such as agricultural waste,pests and diseases,and habitat degradation.For agroecosystem service assessment,qualitative and semi-quantitative methods were generally applicable across multiple scales,while the optimal scale for different quantitative methods and models may vary.In the future,based on agroecosystem services and disservices quantification and scale effects,the following main three aspects can help to provide theoretical and practical support for multi-scale agricultural landscape planning and design:spatial and temporal tradeoffs analysis,supply-demand and flow mechanism exploration,agroecosystem service value realization and ecological compensation.When adopting various agricultural management practices,it is crucial to balance the trade-off relationships and address the supply-demand deficits while fully considering diverse stakeholder interests.Agricultural landscape planning and design can be implemented by adjusting landscape complexity across multiple scales.These approaches aim to reconcile trade-offs and deficits,thereby enhancing the values of agroecosystem services and promoting sustainable agricultural development.