论商事仲裁裁决终局性的例外情形

On the Exceptions to the Finality of Commercial Arbitral Award

我国《仲裁法》的修订理应充分关注一裁终局的例外情形问题。对此,基于当事人合意、社会规律、程序瑕疵,不仅应结合仲裁特性变造设置终局性的新事实例外,还应充分考虑理论的体系性而增加规定四种新情形。对于新事实例外,应以仲裁裁决作出之时而非辩论终结时或司法审查结束时确定终局性的基准时,基于基准时之后发生的与已决权利有关的新事实才能允许重复争议该权利主张。对于旧事实例外,并非所有基准时之前发生的旧事实均受终局性的拘束,应进行“合理性+可能性”判断改变完全排除重复争议旧事实的现状。对于司法审查例外,经司法审查发现虚假仲裁瑕疵的,仲裁裁决在本源上便不具备任何拘束性效力。而且,已被我国法院撤销的仲裁裁决固然在我国不具有终局性,但应当重视解决在其他国家仍然有可能得到承认与执行所面临的冲突。对于部分请求例外,由于仲裁解纷的终局性无关社会公共利益的维护,切分最小解纷单位至不同案件的主张应满足达成合意、明示理由、获得支持三个要件。对于合意不生效例外,应强化仲裁的社会解纷属性这一正当性基础,修正仲裁合意可由司法审查被动变更的隐性瑕疵。

The revision of the Arbitration Law should pay full attention to the issue of exceptions to the finality of arbitral awards.Based on the agreement of the parties,social laws,and procedural flaws,it is not only necessary to combine the characteristics of arbitration to alter the new factual exception for finality,but also to fully consider the systematic nature of theory and add provisions for four new situations.For the new facts exception,the benchmark for finality should be determined at the time when the arbitration award is rendered,and only new facts related to the settled rights that occur after the benchmark time can the arbitration procedure be reopened.For the exception of old facts,not all old facts related to settled rights are bound by finality.On the premise that the claim does not pass the examination of“reasonableness+possibility”,the parties should be allowed to submit the old facts for arbitration in subsequent cases.For the judicial review exception,if false arbitration defects are found through judicial review,the arbitration award has no binding effect fundamentally.Moreover,although arbitration awards that have been revoked by Chinese courts are no longer final in China,attention should be paid to resolving conflicts that may still be recognized and enforced in other countries.For the partial requests exception,as the finality of arbitration dispute resolution is not related to the maintenance of public interests,the claim that is intended to divide the smallest dispute resolution unit into different cases should meet the three requirements of reaching agreements,expressing reasons,and obtaining support.For the exception of non effective agreement,the social dispute resolution attribute of arbitration as the legitimacy basis should be strengthened,and the implicit flaw that the arbitration agreement can be passively changed by judicial review should be corrected.