上海直播粳稻一次性侧深施专用缓释掺混肥设计及效果验证

Design and effectiveness verification of slow-release blended fertilizer for side-depth single fertilization of Shanghai direct-seeded japonica rice

为了设计适配于上海地区直播粳稻侧深一次性施肥技术的专用缓释肥,并验证其减肥增效效果,为崇明区水稻轻简化生产和养分资源高效利用提供技术方案,于2021年6—11月在上海市崇明区进行大田试验,设置不施氮(N_(0))、农户常规施肥(FFP)、含60 d释放期包膜尿素的专用缓释掺混肥(HS_(60))、含60 d和120 d释放期包膜尿素的专用缓释掺混肥(HS_(60-120))、汉枫缓混肥(HS_(HF))、申花缓释肥(HS_(SH))、脲甲醛专用肥(HS_(MJ))和六国套餐肥(TC_(LG)),共计8个处理,分析不同种类水稻专用缓释肥对水稻产量、氮素吸收利用、稻米品质及经济效益的影响。结果显示:针对上海崇明地区主栽水稻品种(南粳46)设计的含60 d和120 d释放期包膜尿素一次性侧深施专用缓释掺混肥处理HS_(60-120)能够增加水稻的穗粒数、结实率和千粒重,从而在同等施氮水平和减氮38.5%的情况下实现增产8.7%~17.2%和稳产的目的;HS_(60-120)处理的氮肥利用率和农学效率显著高于其他处理,分别达50.4%和22.4 kg•kg^(–1);相较于农户常规施肥处理,精米率提升3.3%、垩白度降低1.2%;HS_(60-120)经济产投比是各个处理中最高值,为2.9。针对上海崇明地区主栽水稻品种(南粳46)设计的一次性侧深施专用缓释掺混肥能够通过调控氮素释放,提升水稻产量、稻米品质和肥料的吸收利用。

This study aimed to design a specialized slow-release fertilizer suitable for the side-deep single fertilization technique used in direct-seeded japonica rice cultivation in Shanghai,and to evaluate its effectiveness in reducing fertilizer application while increasing fertilizer efficiency,so as to provide technical solutions for simplified rice production and efficient utilization of nutrient resources in Chongming District.A field trial was conducted in Chongming District,Shanghai,from June to November,2021.The experimental setup included the following treatments:no nitrogen application(N_(0)),conventional farmer fertilizer application(FFP),specialized slow-release blended fertilizers with 60-day release coated urea(HS_(60)),specialized slow-release blended fertilizers with 60-day and 120-day release coated urea(HS_(60-120)),Hanfeng slow-release fertilizer(HS_(HF)),Shenhua slow-release fertilizer(HS_(SH)),Urea formaldehyde special fertilizer(HS_(MJ))and Liuguo package fertilizer(TC_(LG)).The effects of different types of special slow-release fertilizers on rice yield,nitrogen uptake and utilization,quality and economic benefits were analyzed.The results showed that the one-time side-depth application of specialized slow-release blended fertilizers with 60-day and 120-day release coated urea,designed for the main rice variety widely cultivated(Nangeng 46)in Chongming,Shanghai,increased the number of spike grains,the fruit set rate,and the thousand grain weight of rice.Consequently,it improved the theoretical yield of rice,and maintained a stable production despite a 38.5%reduction in nitrogen(N)application,and increased the yield by 8.7%−17.2%compared to other treatments at the same level of N dosage.Among all treatments,HS60-120 exhibited significantly higher N fertilizer utilization rates and agronomic efficiency compared to other treatments,reaching 50.4%and 22.4 kg·kg^(-1),respectively.Additionally,compared to conventional famer fertilizer treatments(FFP),the fine rice rate increased by 3.3%,and chalkiness decreased by 1.2%.HS60-120 also demonstrated the highest economic yield-to-input ratio of 2.9 among all treatments.In conclusion,the specially designed slow-release blended fertilizer for one-time side-depth fertilization of the main rice variety(Nangeng 46)in Chongming,Shanghai,improves rice yield,rice quality,and fertilizer uptake and utilization by regulation of nitrogen release.