杨叔姬:辩证美恶的春秋女哲

Yang Shuji:Female Philosopher Knowing Beauty and Ugliness Dialectically during Spring and Autumn Period

杨叔姬(羊舌叔姬)是春秋时期极具智慧的女哲学家,她的思想主要表现在对丈夫羊舌职加以规劝和对儿子羊舌肸(叔向)加以训诫的言论之中。她最重要的哲学思想是“甚美必有甚恶”的命题,这是早于“孔子问礼”的老子揭示了美丑善恶之间的辩证关系;而且,杨叔姬所讲的“甚美必有甚恶”不是绝对的,而是有条件的,即“非德义”。杨叔姬注重“德义”,包括“不可食以不义之肉”,这是儒家“义利之辨”的思想先驱之一。同时,杨叔姬还触及了“仁→义”之间的奠基关系的正义论原理。此外,杨叔姬还提出了“有奇福者必有奇祸”的命题,这是先于老子揭示了祸福相倚的道理。

Yang Shuji(Yangshe Shuji)was a highly intelligent female philosopher during the Spring and Autumn period.Her thoughts are mainly reflected in her words of admonishing her husband,Yang Zhi⁃zhi,and admonishing her son,Yang Zhixi.Her most important philosophical idea is the proposition that“the most beautiful must have the most evil”,which predates Laozi’s viewpoint in“Confucius Asking about Rites”and reveals the dialectical relationship between beauty,ugliness,good and evil.Moreover,what Yang Shuji said about“the most beautiful must have the most evil”is not absolute,but conditional,that is,“immoral”.Yang Shuji emphasized“morality and righteousness”,including the idea of“not eating nonrighteous meat”.This is one of the pioneers of the Confucian concept of“distinction between righteousness and benefit”.At the same time,Yang Shuji also touched upon the principle of justice that laid the founda⁃tion for the relationship between benevolence and righteousness.In addition,Yang Shuji also put forward the proposition that“those who have extraordinary blessings will inevitably have extraordinary misfor⁃tunes”,which was a revelation of the principle of the interdependence of misfortune and fortune before Laozi.