不同施肥处理下沙苑子产量及质量的变化

Changes in yield and quality of Astragali complanati Semen under different fertilization treatments

[目的]豆科植物扁茎黄芪(Astragalus complanatus R.Br.)的干燥成熟种子沙苑子有丰富的药用及营养价值,其市场需求量逐年增长、种植规模不断扩大,考察N、P、K配方施肥对沙苑子产量和质量的影响,可为沙苑子人工栽培合理施肥提供参考。[方法]在陕西省大荔县开展大田试验,通过三因素二次D-饱和最优设计对沙苑子进行施肥试验,统计不同小区的产量并以产量为指标建立产量肥效方程,以水溶性浸出物、总黄酮、毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷、沙苑子苷及芒柄花苷的含量为指标测定不同施肥处理下沙苑子的质量。采用熵权法结合灰色关联-TOPSIS法综合评价沙苑子的质量,以综合评价结果为指标建立质量肥效方程。采用频率分析法对产量及质量肥效方程进行优化筛选,综合二者的最佳施肥量交集得到沙苑子的推荐施肥量。[结果]不同施肥处理下沙苑子的产量增加9.11%~61.80%,其中F10(N_(3)P_(3)K_(1);N:135 kg·hm^(-2),P_(2)O_(5):140 kg·hm^(-2),K_(2)O:47.84 kg·hm^(-2))对其产量促进作用最为显著。研究发现NPK肥料对沙苑子产量的影响程度为:P>N>K。F7(N2P2;N:80.50 kg·hm^(-2),P_(2)O_(5):83.48 kg·hm^(-2),K_(2)O:0 kg·hm^(-2))处理下,沙苑子药材品质最佳。NPK肥料对沙苑子质量的影响程度为:N>P>K。综合产量与质量的最佳施肥量得到沙苑子种植时的推荐施肥量为N:69.19~87.28 kg·hm^(-2),P_(2)O_(5):82.43~103.89 kg·hm^(-2),K_(2)O:0.00~67.68 kg·hm^(-2)。[结论]不同施肥配比对种植沙苑子的产量与质量具有不同程度的影响,适当的NPK肥配合施肥可明显提高沙苑子的产量与质量。

[Objective]The dry mature seeds of Astragalus complanatus R.Br.,known as Astragali complanati Semen,hold high medicinal and nutritional value,with expanding market demand driving increased cultivation.This research examined the impact of targeted nitrogen(N),phosphorus(P),and potassium(K)fertilization on the yield and quality of A.complanati Semen,aiming to provide optimal fertilization guidance for its cultivation.[Methods]Field trials were conducted in Dali County,Shaanxi Province,using a sophisticated three-factor,quadratic D-optimal design to evaluate the fertilization effects.Yield data from different plots informed a yield-based fertilizer efficiency model,while quality assessments based on water-soluble extracts,total flavonoids,calycosin-7-glucoside,astragaloside,and Ononin were performed to Gauge quality differences across treatments.The entropy-weighted gray correlation-TOPSIS method was used to comprehensively assess quality,resulting in a quality-based fertilization efficiency model.Frequency analysis then optimized these models,establishing recommended fertilization levels from the intersection of the optimal yield and quality strategies.[Results]Various fertilization treatments increased yield by 9.11%to 61.80%,with the F10 treatment(N_(3)P_(3)K_(1);N:135 kg·hm^(-2),P_(2)O_(5):140 kg·hm^(-2),K_(2)O:47.84 kg·hm^(-2))showing the most significant yield enhancement.Fertilization impact on yield ranked as P>N>K.The F7 treatment(N2P2;N:80.50 kg·hm^(-2),P_(2)O_(5):83.48 kg·hm^(-2),K_(2)O:0 kg·hm^(-2))resulted in optimal quality of medicinal components,with N having the strongest effects on quality,followed by P and then K.The recommended fertilization range,balancing both yield and quality,was determined as N:69.19~87.28 kg·hm^(-2),P_(2)O_(5):82.43~103.89 kg·hm^(-2),and K_(2)O:0.00~67.68 kg·hm^(-2).[Conclusion]Different NPK ratios variably influenced the yield and quality of A.complanati Semen.Applying an optimized nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium fertilizers combination can significantly enhance both its production and quality.