论自然资源国家所有权损害赔偿制度

On damages compensation system of the state ownership of natural resources

自然资源国家所有权的规定在《中华人民共和国宪法》《中华人民共和国民法典》,以及自然资源各单行法中都有体现,是构成自然资源国家所有权损害赔偿的法益基础。《中华人民共和国种子法》《中华人民共和国畜牧法》等条款中规定国家对自然资源享有主权,主权当然应包括所有权的内容。因自然资源种类差异,在其国家所有权受损时赔偿救济规范和结果不尽相同。因自然资源国家所有权的传统行政、民事、刑事等救济方面均存在不足,环境公益诉讼又不足以涵盖自然资源国家所有权损害救济的范围。需从山水林田湖草沙系统化治理的角度,对自然资源国家所有权兼具公私属性予以认识,并进行相关利益衡平考量。对于自然资源国家所有权损害提起生态环境损害赔偿已有规定,并出现了一批相关司法案例。生态环境损害赔偿制度体现和公权和私权的结合,海洋自然资源和生态损害公益诉讼奠定了基调,自然资源国家所有权损害可直接适用生态环境损害赔偿制度。在适用生态环境损害赔偿诉讼程序时可与环境公益诉讼合并审理,有利于节约立法、执法和司法成本,是最优选。

The state ownership of natural resources reflects in the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China,the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China,and various separate laws on natural resources,which consist of the legal basis of damages compensation of the state ownership of natural resources.The Seed Law of the People’s Republic of China and the Animal Husbandry Law of the People’s Republic of China regulates that the nation owns the sovereignty over germ plasm resources and animal husbandry resources.The sovereignty includes ownership.Due to differences in the types of natural resources,the norms and outcomes of compensation of the state ownership of natural resource are various.As the deficiency in conventional relieves of administrative,civil and criminal remedies,state ownership of natural resources damages also are hard to be covered by environmental public interest litigation.From the perspective of systematic management of mountains,rivers,forests,fields,lakes,grass and sand,it is necessary to recognize that state ownership of natural resources has both public and private attributes,which need benefit balance.There are regulations and practices in compensation for ecological environment damages due to tort to the state ownership of natural resources.The compensation system for ecological environment damages reflects the combination of public and private rights,and the ocean natural resources and ecological damages sets the mode,named public interest litigation procedure can be directly applied to compensation for state ownership of natural resources damages,which is beneficial for saving legislative,law enforcement and judicial costs,thus is the optimal choice.