煤矿岩巷掘进技术现状及展望

Current situation and prospect of coal mine rock roadway excavation technology

巷道是矿山的“血管”,其掘进效率高低、技术的成熟与否及安全性直接影响着矿山的开采效率。目前,国内煤矿岩巷常用的掘进手段主要有爆破掘进、机械化掘进和爆破-机械联合掘进。爆破掘进分为人工钻爆法掘进和液压钻车钻爆法掘进;机械化掘进有综掘机掘进和TBM掘进;爆破-机械联合掘进主要是针对硬岩,通过超深孔爆破对岩体整体强度进行弱化,最后采用机械化进行掘进。本文归纳分析了煤矿岩巷掘进应用实例,首先介绍了以上三种方法常用的钻孔设备,对比分析各掘进技术的优缺点,然后阐述这几类掘进方式存在的技术性难题。人工钻爆法具有成本低、使用便捷等优势,但因其劳动强度大、凿岩效率低,以及工作面环境差等劣势十分明显,大多数矿山爆破掘进则采用液压钻车钻爆法,案例分析发现人工钻爆法和液压钻车钻爆法平均循环进尺分别为1.7 m和2.1 m,随着巷道断面面积增加,单位巷道断面面积的炮孔数目和炸药单耗有变小的趋势;机械化掘进可以有效提高掘进效率、节约劳动力,但对于强度较高的岩石,会导致其截齿的快速损耗,并且粉尘率较高;另外TBM过大的转弯半径、体积、造价限制了其在中小型矿山使用。爆破-机械联合掘进具有较大的灵活性,但在地应力条件下的爆破裂纹空间形态、堵塞长度等方面理论研究不够深入。最后,本文阐明了当前煤矿岩巷掘进面临的一些有待解决的理论技术问题,以及未来岩巷掘进的发展趋势。

The roadway is the“blood vessel”of the mine,and its excavation efficiency,technological maturity,and safety directly affect the mining efficiency of the mine.At present,the commonly used excavation methods for coal mine rock roadways in China include blasting excavation,mechanized excavation,and blasting mechanical combined excavation.Blasting excavation is divided into manual drilling and blasting method and hydraulic drill rig drilling and blasting method.Mechanized excavation includes comprehensive excavator excavation and TBM excavation.The blasting and mechanical conbined excavation is mainly aimed at hard rock,weakening the overall strength of the rock mass through ultra-deep hole blasting,and finally using mechanization for excavation.This paper summarizes and analyzes the application examples of coal mine rock roadway excavation.Firstly,it introduces the commonly used drilling equipment for the above three methods,compares and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of each excavation technology,and then elaborates on the technical difficulties that exist in these types of excavation methods.The manual drilling and blasting method has advantages such as low cost and convenient use,but its disadvantages are very obvious due to its high labor intensity,low rock drilling efficiency,and poor working face environment.Most mines use hydraulic drill rigs for blasting and excavation.Case analysis found that the average circular footage of manual drilling and blasting method and hydraulic drill rig drilling and blasting method is 1.7 m and 2.1 m,respectively.As the cross-sectional area of the roadway increases,the number of blasting holes per unit cross-sectional area of the roadway and the unit consumption of explosives tend to decrease.Mechanical excavation can effectively improve excavation efficiency and save labor,but for rocks with high strength,it can lead to rapid loss of cutting teeth and a high dust rate.In addition,the large turning radius,volume,and cost of TBM limit its use in small and medium-sized mines.The blasting and mechanical combined excavation has great flexibility,but the theoretical research on the spatial morphology and blockage length of blasting cracks under geostress conditions is not deep enough.Finally,this paper elucidates some theoretical and technical issues that need to be addressed in current coal mine rock roadway excavation,as well as the future development trends of rock roadway excavation.