新质生产力发展与劳动力市场性别平等——基于出口中自动化技术替代视角

New Quality Productivity Development and Gender Equality in Labor Market:Based on the Perspective of Automation Technology Substituion

新质生产力的基本内涵要求实现劳动者、劳动资料、劳动对象及其优化组合的跃升。而工业自动化技术作为实现三者优化组合跃升的重要手段,会通过替代效应对不同性别劳动力产生异质性的影响。通过职业层面数据可测度不同职业被自动化技术替代的程度,然后利用行业—职业份额数据、双边进出口数据构建1985—2014年国家或地区层面出口中自动化技术替代程度,并与劳动力市场微观调查数据匹配,实证考察一国出口中自动化技术替代程度对该国劳动力市场中性别平等的影响。研究结果发现:(1)出口中自动化技术替代程度的提升显著加剧了劳动力市场中的性别不平等,主要原因在于自动化技术与女性技能之间存在强替代性,导致女性就业率和职业晋升可能性下降,同时还降低了女性劳动力的收入水平和家庭经济地位;(2)出口中自动化技术替代程度对性别不平等的作用在女性劳动力、已婚劳动力以及低教育水平群体中更为显著;(3)拓展性分析表明,出口中自动化技术替代程度对劳动力市场性别平等的负向冲击显著降低了女性结婚和生育的概率。因此,现阶段各国在普及工业自动化的同时要关注其对特定性别劳动力的冲击,重视对女性劳动力权益的保护。

The basic connotation of the new quality productivity requires the improvement of workers,labor materials,labor objects and their optimal combinations.As an important means to realize the improvement of the three optimal combinations,industrial automation techology will have a heterogeneous impact on the different gender labor force through the substitution effect.Firstly,occupation-level data is used to measure the degree to which different occupations are replaced by automation technologies.Then,industry-occupation share data and bilateral import and export data are used to construct the degree of automation technology substitution in exports at the national or regional level during 1985-2014 and match with the labor market micro-survey data.This paper empirically examines the effect of the degree of automation technology substitution on gender equality in a countrys labor market.The results show that:(1)The increasing degree of substitution of automation technology in export has significantly exacerbated gender inequality in the labor market.The main reason is that there is strong substitution between automation technology and female skills,which leads to the decline of female employment rate and career promotion possibility,and also reduces the income level and family economic status of female labor force.(2)The effect of the degree of automation substitution on gender inequality in exports is more significant in the female labor force,the married labor force and the group with low education level.(3)The expansion analysis shows that the negative impact of the degree of automation technology substitution on gender equality in the labor market significantly reduces the probability of women getting married and having children.The conclusion shows that at present,countries should pay attention to the impact of industrial automation on the specific gender labor force and pay attention to the protection of the rights and interests of female labor force.