山東定陶王墓地(王陵)M2出土文字磚概述

Inscribed Bricks Unearthed from Tomb 2 of the Mausoleum of the Prince of Dingtao in Shandong Province

山東定陶王墓地(王陵)M2(定陶縣靈聖湖漢墓)是已發現的西漢時期“黄腸题凑”形制墓葬中規模最大、規格最高、結構最複雜的一座。墓葬建設中使用了超過三萬塊陶磚,絕大多數磚上帶有標識工匠身份的文字和符號,文字以書寫馬主,符號則以刻晝馬主。論文首先從傳統考古學的角度出發,對墓磚在墓葬中的使用情况做了詳細介紹;其次,對文字内容進行了基礎的分類整理,即分属人名類、地名加人名類、人名加數字類、人名加吉語類四種;同時,對墓磚上文字的書寫或刻畫位置、行筆方向進行了分型分析;最後,對文字的書體與颜色以及刻晝和戳印標記做了介紹。定陶王墓地(王陵)M2出土文字磚對于研究漢代大型墓葬營建過程、“物勒工名”制度、書體演變、裂磚工藝等問题提供了重要學術資料。

Tomb 2 of the mausoleum of Prince Dingtao in Shandong(abbreviated to M2,also known as the Lingsheng Lake Han Tomb)is the largest,highest-level and most complex tomb of the Western Han in the form of"walls consisting of aligned logs"(huangchang ticou)ever excavated.More than 30,o00 bricks were used to construct the tomb and the surfaces of most of these bricks were marked with inscriptions and symbols.This article first introduces the use of tomb bricks in tombs from the perspective of traditional archaeology.It then conducts a preliminary classification and sorting of the content of the inscriptions and divides the inscriptions into four categories:personal names,toponyms with personal names,personal inscriptions with numerical names and personal names with auspicious words.The article goes on to classify the writing position and writing direction of the inscriptions on the bricks and,finally,it describes the style and color of the inscriptions and introduces the markings made by engraving and stamping.Bricks unearthed from Tomb 2 of the mausoleum of Prince Dingtao provide important academic material for studying the construction process of large-scale tombs,the system of"recording the name of the craftsman on the artifact",the evolution of calligraphy and brick-making technology in the Han dynasty.