山東定陶王墓地(王陵)M2漢墓磚銘研究

A Study of the Inscribed Bricks from Tomb 2 of the Mausoleum of the Prince of Dingtao in Shandong Province

山東定陶王墓地(王陵)M2漢墓是我國迄今所發現的規模最大、級别最高、保存最好的漢代“黄腸题凑”墓。在椁室的頂部、底部和四周出土了三萬餘塊陶磚,這些陶磚上大多帶有書寫、刻畫或者戳印的文字,總字數達十餘萬字,是迄今發現的最大一批西漢末期文字材料。磚銘内容大多属工匠名,有些帶有工匠籍貫的地名,也有少數記事或吉語内容。這與明確生產責任的“物勒工名”以及統計工匠所燒裂陶磚件數有關,體現了當時墓磚的生產組織制度。涉及的人名有一百四十餘個,姓氏有四十餘種,新見姓氏有“公澤”“東煬”“[交頁]”“空”等,所見地名多位于漢代山陽郡内,這在漢代歷史地理、姓氏起源與分布等研究领城具有一定的學術價值。個别磚銘有記事的性質,有的記錄工匠在修陵徭役中所承擔裂作墓磚的徭期,具有較高的歷史學研究價值。吉語磚銘在研究漠代人們的思想倾向、民俗喜好等方面具有一定的資料價值。磚銘的書體有隸書、草書和篆書等,書者多鳥陶磚的裂作工匠,文字有的自由奔放,有的拘謹率真,有的嚴謹端正,代表了那個時代最馬真實的民間書寫水平,極具書法藝術價值。

Tomb 2 of the mausoleum of the Prince of Dingtao in Shandong(also known as the Lingsheng Lake Han Tomb)is the highest-level tomb of all the Han Dynasty tombs to have been excavated.More than 30,000 clay bricks were unearthed from the top,bottom and sides of the coffin chamber,most bearing written,carved or stamped inscriptions,with a total of over 100,000 characters.This represents the largest collection of textual materials discovered so far from the late Western Han dynasty.The majority of the inscriptions on the bricks record the names of craftsmen,some including the craftsmen's place of origin,while a few record events or contain auspicious phrases.This practice of"recording the name of the craftsman on the artifact"was used to clarify production responsibilities and keep track of the number of bricks fired by each craftsman,reflecting the organizational system for tomb brick production at that time.Over 140 personal names and more than 40 surnames are involved,including newly discovered surnames such as"Gongze","Dongyang","Fa"and"Jing".Most of the toponyms mentioned are located within the Shanyang Prefecture of the Han era,which holds academic value for research into the historical geography of the Han and the origin and distribution of surnames.Some of the brick inscriptions have a narrative nature,recording the craftsmen's labor periods for making tomb bricks during the construction of the mausoleum,which is also is of great value for historical research.The inscriptions with auspicious phrases provide insights into the ideological tendencies and folk preferences of the people of the Han dynasty.The calligraphy styles of the inscriptions include the clerical script,the cursive script and the zhuan script.Most of the writers were the craftsmen who made the bricks and their writing styles ranges from free and unrestrained to cautious and ingenuous,with both rigorous and upright forms.These variations are representative of authentic folk writing of that era and hold great artistic value.