从“消闲”到“休闲”:近代法国休闲概念的演变

From“Passetemps”to“Loisirs”:The Evolution of the Concept of Leisure in Modern France

“自由时间”是界定休闲概念的核心要素。传统农业社会并不存在工作时间与“自由时间”的严格对立,因而也不存在普遍适用的休闲概念。15—17世纪的法国宫廷出现了以消磨明显过剩的“自由时间”为宗旨的“消闲”(passetemps)。这种“消闲”是贵族的特权,许多游戏和文学艺术一起具有了“消闲”性质。宫廷贵族轻视创作,看重文化鉴赏力,形成了资产阶级难以模仿的“消闲”文化。18—19世纪,工业化带来了现代的精确计时,节日和星期日逐渐失去宗教性,变成世俗化和制度化的休息时间。随着工作时间与休闲时间出现明确的区分,形成了大众化且具有现代意义的休闲。

“Free time”is the core element that defines the concept of leisure.There was no strict opposition between working hours and“free time”in traditional agricultural societies,and therefore there was no universally applicable concept of leisure.During the 15th to the 17th centuries,the concept of“passetemps”with the aim of killing off the obvious surplus of“free time”appeared in the French court.This kind of“passetemps”was the privilege of the nobility,and many games,along with literature and art,have a“passetemps”nature together.The court nobles looked down upon creativity and valued the ability of cultural appreciation,forming a culture of“passetemps”that was difficult for the bourgeoisie to emulate.In the 18th and 19th centuries,industrialization brought about modern precision timing,and festivals and Sundays gradually lost their religious significance and became secular and institutionalized resting time.With the clear distinction between working hours and leisure time,a popular and modern“leisure”took shape.