“撤校合并”之后:日本振兴地方小规模学校的政策创新与实践

Beyond"School Abolition and Consolidation":Policy Innovations and Practices in Revitalizing Small Local Schools in Japan

由于少子化的加深,日本政府对生源过少的地方学校实施了撤校合并政策,但该政策持续压缩地方现存小规模学校的生存空间,导致地方教育陷入萎靡。而日本地方创生战略为地方教育振兴提供了政策推动力,亦为小规模学校的发展提供了机遇。基于此,为振兴地方小规模学校,日本政府创新了包括学校魅力化、社区学校和教育资源优化在内的政策群。通过学校教育特色化、学校功能多样化和学校资源多样化赋能小规模学校高质量发展,形成了一批具有本地特色的地方教育振兴实践。日本地方小规模学校教育振兴的政策创新与实践为我国乡村小规模学校教育振兴提供了启示与镜鉴。我国乡村小规模学校可以从打造特色教育品牌、形成“乡校”共建和构建城乡教育共同体等方面走出中国特色的乡村教育振兴之路。

The Japanese government has implemented a policy of eliminating and merging local schools that have too few students against the backdrop of a declining child population.However,the policy of school closure and consolidation has continued to reduce the living space of existing small schools in localities,resulting in the decline of local edu⁃cation.The creation of localities has provided policy impetus for the revitalization of local education and opportunities for the development of small-scale schools.Based on this,the Japanese government has created a cluster of policies for the revitalization of local smallscale schools,including school charisma,community schools,and optimization of education⁃al resources.By empowering small schools to develop in a high quality manner through school education specialization,school function diversification and school resource diversi⁃fication,a number of local education revitalization practices with local characteristics have been formed.Japan's policy innovation and practice of local small-scale school education revitalization provides inspiration and a mirror for the revitalization of rural small-scale school education in China.China's rural small-scale schools can take the road of rural edu⁃cation revitalization with Chinese characteristics from the aspects of creating special educa⁃tional brands,forming"rural schools"and building urban-rural educational communities.