聚焦“思考与讨论”:当代日本道德教学新转向研究

Focusing on"Thinking and Discussing":A Study of the New Turn in Moral Teaching in Contemporary Japan

培育理性精神是道德教育的必然追求。当下,日本道德教学领域中从“读物道德”到“思考与讨论型道德”的深刻转向,被视为实现道德教育“质的变革”的关键。在理念上,主要包括从“以道德情感力为先”到“以道德判断力为先”的目标转向、从灌输价值到主动学习价值的逻辑转向两方面。在实践上,涉及优化道德教材建设、创新道德教学方式、建构教师研修共同体、制定德育指导计划、建立多层次质性评价体系等路径。在提高道德教育效能的同时,又面临道德评价的困难性与模糊性、开放式结尾的道德讨论招致担忧、冲突情境的教学资源不足等挑战。反思日本经验,有必要营造包容理性的氛围,引入儿童哲学理念,强调多主体、多学科参与,发展学生的道德判断力,促进道德思考与讨论的活跃度、深度、广度,最终实现从认知向实践的转化。

Cultivating a rational spirit is an inevitable pursuit of moral education.Cur⁃rently,the profound shift in Japan's moral education from"reading-based morality"to"thinking and discussion-based morality"is regarded as the key to achieving a"qualitative change"in moral education.Conceptually,this shift includes two main aspects:the goal shift from"prioritizing moral emotional power"to"prioritizing moral judgment power,"and the logical shift from"indoctrinating values"to"active learning of values."Practically,it in⁃volves strengthening the construction of moral textbooks,innovating moral teaching meth⁃ods,building teacher training communities,formulating moral education guidance plans,and establishing multi-level qualitative evaluation systems.While improving the effective⁃ness of moral education,it also faces challenges such as the difficulty and ambiguity of mor⁃al evaluation,concerns about open-ended moral discussions,and the lack of teaching re⁃sources for conflict situations.Reflecting on the Japanese experience,it is necessary to fos⁃ter an inclusive and rational atmosphere,introduce the philosophy for children concept,em⁃phasize the participation of multiple subjects and disciplines,develop students'moral judg⁃ment,and enhance the activity,depth,and breadth of moral thinking and discussion,ulti⁃mately achieving the transformation from cognition to practice.