文明互鉴与文化交流:以吐火罗佛法和藏传佛教前弘期的往来为视角探析青藏高原与古代中亚地区的关系

On the civilization mutual learning and cultural exchange with reference from the Tocharian Buddhism and Tibetan Buddhism in the early spread of Dharma

藏文历史文献所载佛法最初七代付法藏师之圣者提多迦(dhitika)时期,吐火罗地区由国王“mi nar”统治,佛教此时传入吐火罗地区。这一记述与南传佛教巴利语《弥兰陀王所问经》,以及汉文大藏经《那先比丘经》所述的基本历史事实相符。另外,在藏文教法史料中,对佛教传入吐火罗地区与传入藏地都有着“从天而降”的叙事方式,还有佛教经吐火罗译师与印度班智达初传藏地的历史记载,以及吐火罗故地与吐蕃存在长期佛教文化往来的史料等诸多内容。然而,目前国际吐火罗学界基本认为吐火罗地区佛教为小乘部派佛教。众所周知,吐蕃佛教为晚期大乘佛教与金刚乘佛教,也就鲜有专门讨论两者相关的研究成果。文章根据藏文文献记载内容,认为吐火罗地区不仅盛行小乘佛教,还有大乘佛教,甚至在特定时空内可能存在密宗金刚乘。这些文献资料与研究内容说明我国青藏高原上藏族文化与周边中亚古国以及各民族间存在历史久远的多元文化、多种语言的交互往来。

Under the guidance of improvement and construction of Ethnology discipline,the latest discipline plan of the Ministry of Education,and newly established PhD disciplinethe society and culture of Qinghai-Xizang High Plateau",our school sets a new course named"the culture of Qinghai-Xizang High Plateau and the relation to the around".During the two years process of teaching,an experimental teaching of the course entitled"sharing of civilization and cultural exchange between the Qinghai-Xizang High Plateau and the central Asia"was carried out to discuss the projects that the concerned teachers have and outcomes that the concerned teachers have gained.This teaching experience enlightened the academic research and new consideration.As a result of this academic activity,it is found that the Buddhism became popular in the Tocharian areas when Shakyamuni was alive.The popularity of Buddhism in Tibet is closely linked with Tocharian areas and there was a clear communication of Buddhism between Xizang and Tocharian areas.It is commonly believed that the Buddhism popular in Tocharian area is Hinayana in the circle of Tocharian Studies.However,referencing to the Tibetan literature,the Buddhism popular in the Tocharian area was not only Hinayana but also Mahayana,even the Vajrayana was popular in some places of Tocharian areas.Based on the primary research on these issues,it is found that there was a long history of multiculture and multilanguage exchange between the Tibetan civilization on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and that of the kingdoms and ethnics in the central Asia.