吐蕃赞普后裔昂地董氏在康区世袭统治史初探

A primary note on the descendants of Ngom Lhadong Karpo and their rules in Kham area

公元842年,吐蕃赞普朗达玛·乌冬赞因灭佛运动被拉隆·贝吉多杰刺杀身亡,摧毁了吐蕃先辈们所开创的统一政权和被遵行的法律法规与典章制度,致使吐蕃整个社会处于动乱无序之中。在此影响下,吐蕃各地出现了不同的地方势力,爆发了席卷吐蕃全境的平民大暴动,导致母后派系的臣民相互对峙,赞普朗达玛·乌冬赞王子沃松与云丹也为争夺王室宝座而相互斗争,最终云丹占据卫藏“四茹”,沃松占据阿里“三围”。后来,他们的子孙又逐渐繁衍至康区,形成了昂地董族地方势力。该王系后裔一直统治康区“吉地”和“昂麦”流域(今昌都类乌齐县与原昌都县之间昂曲河流域),史称“昂地拉董噶波”。当然,作为吐蕃悉卜野王族后裔,在吐蕃广大民众心中,还是拥有一定的号召力的。目前,关于昂地拉董噶波在康区的统治时间、世袭历史、社会治理等诸多问题,尚待深入系统研究。文章通过历史遗物、文献资料、口述史料,尤其是近期获得的珍贵颂词、传说等最新资料,理清昂地拉董噶波在康区“昂地”为中心区域的世袭统治历史脉络,初步探究昂地拉董噶波为调节地方势力纠纷、参与地方僧俗官员任免、促进区域社会网络平衡、安定康藏社会秩序的历史贡献,以及昂地拉董噶波在中央政府与康藏各地方势力之间上传下达秉承中央政府旨意办事代理的作用。

The Wuyo(dbu gyo in Tibetan)civil war occurred after the collapse of the Tubo kingdom.Osong ruled the three divisions of Ngari and Yonten ruled four districts of U-tsang.Since then,Xizang areas were rules by various minor rulers which is commonly called lower fragmentation(smad sil ma in Tibetan).Lhadung Karpo(lha gdung dkar po in Tibetan),also called Lhadong Karpo(lha gdong dkar po in Tibetan)or Lhadong Karpo(lha ldong dkar po in Tibetan)or Ngompa Dongtsang(Ngom pa ldong tshang in Tibetan),was a descendent of Yomten.The fifth descendent of L angdarma had three sons,respectively Cannga Donchenpa,Tsongka Gyepo in the east,and Ngom Lhadong Karpo in Ngom area.In terms of the trritory of Lhadong Karpo,it belongs to Chamdo City,Chamdo County and Riwoche County.Lhadong Karpo achieved great deeds in cultural exchange,communication,and integration as well as in the sense of community of the Chinese nation.The regional history is one of the important parts of China's culture,and a method of continuation of China's multiculture.Even though the accessible literatures are rare,this article refencing to the heritage,documents,prayers and offerings,and folk saying proves Lhamdong Karpo is a descendent of Tsenpo,discusses the origin,the linage,the structure,the personnel.