从生成词库理论看汉语的特征

On the characteristics of Modern Chinese Grammar from the perspective of Generative Lexicon Theory

相比英语,汉语在句法层面较少启用事件强迫和属性强迫机制,相关动词、属性名词必须或倾向出现,反映了现代汉语动词活跃、影子论元倾向显现以及分析性强这些更宏观的特征。这一特点的形成是语言系统微观、中观与宏观特征协调一致的结果,也是语言系统利用补偿机制追求经济性的结果。具体来说,是不同层面或方面的繁与简、显与隐、自由与约束平衡的结果。根源是汉语形态不发达、语法化程度不高。汉语不依赖形态组织语法结构,抽象的语义关系“隐”,形式“简”化,具体的语义关系就相对自由地“显”;谓语动词不强制主宾语出现,对其语义角色制约性弱,对语义类型匹配度要求相对就高,强迫能力相对就弱。

In contrast to English,Mandarin Chinese rarely employs event coercion and attribute functional coercion mechanisms at the syntactic level,where relevant verbs and attribute nouns are required or tend to appear.This reflects the more macro characteristics of Chinese,such as active verbs,the tendency for shadow arguments to emerge,and high analyticity.This results from the coordination of micro,meso and macro characteristics within the language system,and from the use of compensatory mechanisms to achieve economy.Specifically,it is the result of the balance between complexity and simplicity,explicitness and implicitness,freedom and constraint at various levels or aspects.The root cause is the underdevelopment of Chinese morphology and the low degree of grammaticalization.Chinese does not rely on morphology to organize grammatical structures,so abstract semantic relations expressed by grammatical relations are implicit and forms are simplified,allowing concrete semantic relations to be freely explicit.Chines predicative verbs do not force the appearance of subjects and objects,and have weak constraints on their semantic roles,and high requirements for semantic type matching,resulting in relatively weak coercive ability.