侧深施肥对水稻产量、养分吸收及经济效益的影响

Effect of Side-deep Fertilization on Yield,Nutrient Uptake and Economic Benefits of Rice

[目的]明确侧深施肥技术对水稻产量、产量构成因子、养分吸收、肥料利用率及经济效益的影响,以期为水稻专用肥及侧深施肥技术的大面积推广应用提供科学依据。[方法]分别于2020年在湖北省6个试点县和2021年在湖北省9个试点县进行田间试验,试验设3个处理,分别为不施肥(T1)、常规施肥(T2)和侧深施肥(T3)。研究分析不同施肥处理对水稻产量、产量构成因子、养分吸收量、肥料利用率和经济效益的影响。[结果]1)所有试点县的施肥处理均可显著提高水稻产量,与T1处理相比,T2和T3处理分别平均增产37.42%和51.61%;与T2处理相比,T3处理平均显著增产9.81%。产量构成因子结果显示,侧深施肥可以显著提高水稻平均有效穗数,与T2处理相比,显著增加3.58%。不同试点施肥处理的增产效果存在一定的差异,变异系数为59.54%,这可能与试验点基础土壤理化性质有关,分析表明侧深施肥的增产效果与土壤的有机质含量极显著正相关。2)侧深施肥技术显著提高了水稻的养分吸收量和肥料利用率。与T2处理相比,T3处理水稻氮、磷和钾的养分吸收量分别平均提高了9.65%、7.51%和12.79%;肥料偏生产力、农学效率和生理利用率分别平均提高了10.34%、37.90%和3.28%。3)侧深施肥技术显著提高了种植水稻的经济效益。与T2处理相比,T3处理水稻产投比平均增加7.65%,稻谷收益平均增加2504元/hm^(2),收益增长的主要来源是产量的提高与人工成本的降低。[结论]侧深施肥技术显著提高了水稻产量和肥料利用率,增加经济效益,实现了增产、增效和节本、增收,并且伴随土壤有机质含量的升高侧深施肥的增产效果愈加显著,因此可在湖北省主要水稻种植区域及高肥力土壤上推广应用。

[Objective]To clarify the effects of side-deep fertilization technology on rice yield,yield components,nutrient absorption,fertilizer utilization,and economic benefits,with a view to providing a scientific basis for the largescale popularization and application of rice-specific fertilizers and side-deep fertilization technology.[Methods]Field trials were conducted in six pilot counties in Hubei Province in 2020 and nine pilot counties in Hubei Province in 2021,with three treatments:1)no fertilization(T1);2)conventional fertilization(T2);and 3)side-deep fertilization(T3).The study analyzed the effects of different fertilization treatments on rice yield,yield component factors,nutrient uptake,fertilizer utilization,and economic benefits.[Results]1)Fertilizer treatments in all pilot counties significantly increased rice yield,with yield increase averaging 37.42% and 51.61%in T2 and T3 respectively,compared to the T1 treatment.The T3 treatment significantly increased yields by an average of 9.81%compared to the T2 treatment.The results for yield component factors showed that side-deep fertilization could significantly increase the average number of effective panicle of rice by 3.58% compared to the T2 treatment.There were differences in the yield increase effects of fertilization treatments across different experimental sites,with a coefficient of variation of 59.54%.This variation may be related to the physical and chemical properties of the basic soil at the experimental sites.The analysis indicates that the yield increase effect of side-deep fertilization is highly significantly positively correlated with the organic matter content in the soil.Side-deep fertilization significantly increased the nutrient uptake and fertilizer utilization of rice.Compared to the T2 treatment,the nutrient uptake of nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium in the T3 treatment increased by an average of 9.65%,7.51%,and 12.79%,respectively.The Partial factor productivity,agronomic efficiency,and physiological utilization increased by an average of 10.34%,37.90%,and 3.28%,respectively.The side-deep fertilization technique significantly improved the economic benefits of rice cultivation.Compared to the T2 treatment,the average increase in rice production and input ratio in the T3 treatment was 7.65%,with an average increase in rice yield of 2504 yuan/hm^(2).The main sources of this yield increase were the higher yield and reduced labor costs.[Conclusion]Side-deep fertilization technology significantly improves rice yield and fertilizer utilization,increases economic benefits,and achieves enhanced yield,efficiency,cost savings,and income.Additionally,the effect of side-deep fertilization on yield becomes more significant with increasing soil organic matter content.Therefore,this technology can be widely promoted and applied in the main rice planting areas of Hubei Province,particularly in high-fertility soils.