清代北京皇家园林中的牡丹史考

Historical Study on Tree Peony(Mudan)of the Royal Gardens of Beijing in Qing Dynasty

通过对清朝京西畅春园、圆明园与颐和园3处皇家园林中牡丹栽培应用史考证,讨论了牡丹与国势兴衰的关联及其它们的政治文化价值和对中国牡丹文化发展产生的积极影响。皇家园林中的牡丹,反映了清代皇家及其统治阶层在政治上追求强国富民的政治理想与抱负,在生活上热爱“国色天香”牡丹自然美的审美情趣与文化需要,尤其是圆明园镂月开云牡丹台,康熙、雍正、乾隆“三皇”观牡丹的历史事件,不仅使牡丹成为康乾盛世的象征,同时也为牡丹文化增添了政治成分,成为标志满汉一统、民族融合的文化纽带,使中国传统牡丹文化内容更为丰盈而耀眼。

Based on the historical research on the cultivation and application of tree peonies(Mudan)in the three royal gardens of Changchun Garden,Yuanmingyuan Garden and the Summer Palace in the west of Beijing in Qing Dynasty,this paper discusses the relationship between Mudan and the rise and fall of national power,their political and cultural values,and their positive influence on the development of Chinese Mudan culture.It was revealed that Mudan in the royal gardens display the political ideal and ambition of the Qing Dynasty royal family and its ruling class in strengthening the country and enriching the people,as well as the aesthetic and cultural needs of the natural beauty of tree peonies in their daily life.Especially,the historical event that the three emperors,Kangxi,Yongzheng and Qianlong,appreciated Mudan together in the Mudan Terrace of Yuanmingyuan not only made the tree peony become a symbol of Kangqian prosperous age,but added a political element into the Mudan culture.Mudan had been a cultural link representing both the unity and the integration of Manchu and Han ethnicities,which enriched the made the traditional Chinese Mudan culture more abundant and dazzling.