金融资本主义的兴起与西方马克思主义的终结——兼论西方马克思主义研究的方法论问题

Rise of Financial Capitalism and End of Western Marxism:On Methodological Problems of Western Marxism Studies

我国学界在对西方马克思主义发展逻辑的研究中,曾就西方马克思主义是否于20世纪70年代后在逻辑上走向终结发生过争论,在争论中学者们已经意识到,西方马克思主义在哲学方法论上的转变,从根本上反映出的是社会历史现实的变化。如果我们从20世纪以来资本主义发展演变逻辑来看待西方马克思主义发展的思想逻辑,就会对这一争论形成新的理解。西方马克思主义在理论上对应的历史现实是20世纪20—60年代的国家垄断资本主义,西方马克思主义所对应的资本主义现实,是国家垄断资本主义形成和完成时期的资本主义,这一现实以及相应的资产阶级理论深刻影响了西方马克思主义的哲学方法论。然而,伴随着国家垄断资本主义的经济和社会危机,西方资本主义国家逐渐转向金融化和新自由主义,西方马克思主义没有对20世纪70年代转型之后的资本主义形态做出有效的理论回应。资本主义与金融化的开启,造成了阶级关系的重组和文化的变革,以更为全面的方式将官僚制渗透到日常生活的每个角落,形成了“金融化的官僚制度”。卢卡奇所奠基的、建立在主客体同一辩证法之上的物化批判和意识形态批判,未能将货币理论与资本理论有机结合在一起。当金融化的官僚制度发展起来之后,经典西方马克思主义的批判便失去对象而处于失语状态。面对金融资本主义的现实,当代西方左翼理论从不同的方法和角度展开了新的批判探索。金融垄断资本主义所带来的全新统治形式,促使西方左翼理论不得不从传统马克思主义的分析话语之外找寻理论工具,这集中体现在信用货币理论之上。货币问题逐渐成为西方左翼理论日益关注的焦点,推动了西方左翼理论在话语上的转向。信用货币理论在左翼理论中被激活并取代了商品货币理论,信用货币理论的引入,将货币的起源放置在信用、债务等具有丰富社会文化内容的对象之上,这为解释支撑货币体系的社会内容打开了空间。西方马克思主义的特定历史语境与当代左翼理论的最新发展,启示我们要坚持明确的历史视野和中国立场,以马克思主义理论的总体性方法开展思想史研究。

In the study of the development of Western Marxism in Chinese academia,there was a debate on whether Western Marxism came to its logical end in the 1970s.The reality of capitalism which Western Marxism takes for study is the capitalism in the period of its formation and completion of state monopoly capitalism,and this reality,as well as the corresponding bourgeois theory,has a hold on the philosophical methodology of Western Marxism.Along with the economic-social crisis of state monopoly capitalism,capitalist countries in the West began to gradually turn towards financialization and neoliberalism,and Western Marxism failed to provide an effective theoretical response to the form of capitalism after its transformation in the 1970s.The onset of the financialization of capitalism led to a reorganization of class relations and cultural change,and to a more comprehensive penetration of bureaucracy into every corner of daily life,resulting in a financialized bureaucracy.The critique of reification and ideology based on the dialectics of identity of subject and object,which Lukács founded,fails to integrate the theory of money and the theory of capital.When the financialized bureaucracy developed,the classical Western Marxist critique lost its object and was lost in translation.Faced with the reality of financial capitalism,the contemporary Western left-wing theories have launched new critical explorations with different methods and in different perspectives.The new forms of domination brought about by financial monopoly capitalism have compelled Western left-wing social theory to look for theoretical tools outside the traditional Marxist analytical discourse,which is centered on the theory of credit and money.The question of money began to become the focus of increasing attention in Western left-wing theory,driving a discursive shift in Western left-wing theory.The theory of credit money became activated in left-wing theory,replacing the theory of commodity money.The introduction of the theory of credit money placed the origin of money on objects with such rich social and cultural contents as credit and debt,which opened up a space for explaining the social content underpinning the monetary system.The specific historical context of Western Marxism and the latest development of contemporary left-wing theory inspire us to adhere to a clear historical vision and Chinese position,so as to carry out the study of the history of ideas with the overarching approach of Marxist theory.