大一统与民族融合:明代贵州汉裔土司研究

Study on Chieftain of Han Descendant in the Ming Dynasty--Taking Guizhou Region as an Example

土司制度是中央王朝构建“大一统”格局的重要途径,但土司并不是为少数民族所“专属”,历史上还存在大量汉裔土司。以明代贵州地区为例,共有51家汉裔土司,他们或是因军功和投诚而得封授,或是因土司分置和招抚所需而被敕封,虽身处民族地区,但依靠其较强的军事力量、统治的合法性、世积威约的大族身份以及和谐有序的治理,而深得土民信服。汉裔土司虽然品秩较低、实力较小,具有更为复杂的身份认同,但在当地领土司民,保靖边疆,在经济和文化上主动融入王朝国家,有力推进了贵州地区的经济开发、社会变革和民族融合。

The Chieftain system was an important way for the central dynasty to build a“unified”pattern,but chieftain was not“exclusive”for minorities,and there were a large number of chieftains of Han descendant in history.Taking Guizhou in the Ming Dynasty as an example,this paper sorted out 51 chieftains of Han descendant.They were either awarded for military merit and loyalty,or they were awarded for chiefdom division and bridle.Although they were in ethnic areas,they won the trust of the local people by virtue of their ruling legitimacy,the identity of the chiefdom and harmonious and orderly governance.Although the chieftains of Han descendant had a more complex identity with lower rank and strength,they actively integrated into the dynastic state economically and protected the border and managed the local population,which strongly promoted the economic development,social reform and ethnic integration of Guizhou.