日本海外供应链多元化在湄公河五国的实践

Japanese Overseas Supply Chain Diversification in the Five Mekong Countries

日本海外供应链多元化是应对经济冲击和地缘政治风险的重要战略举措。自2005年提出“中国+1”战略以来,日本企业逐步将投资从中国转移至东南亚,以应对劳动力成本上升和中日关系降温。中美贸易摩擦及新冠疫情的外部冲击加速了日本企业海外投资转移。2022年日本通过了《经济安全保障推进法》,进一步推动海外供应链多元化上升到国家战略层面。通过日本贸易振兴机构(JETRO),日本政府支持跨国公司在湄公河五国实现供应链布局,涉及医疗、制造、汽车等多个行业。越南和泰国是日本供应链布局的核心地区,重点集中于半导体、汽车零部件和医疗设备等高技术领域。同时,日本助力湄公河五国的数字基础设施、智慧城市和创新产业发展,推动企业数字化转型,提升供应链多元化水平;注重绿色经济发展,推动清洁能源供应链的多元化。尽管市场潜力巨大,但基础设施不足、经济不均衡和供应链成本与效率问题等挑战依然存在。

Diversification of Japan's overseas supply chain is an important strategic initiative to cope with economic shocks and geopolitical risks.Since the'China+1'strategy was proposed in 2005,Japanese companies have gradually shifted their investments from China to Southeast Asia to cope with rising labour costs and the cooling of relations between China and Japan.This process has been accelerated by external shocks such as trade friction between the US and China and the COVID-19 pandemic.Japan passed the Economic Security Promotion Act in 2022,which further elevated overseas supply chain diversification to the level of a national strategy.Through the Japan External Trade Organization(JETRO),the Japanese government has supported multinational companies to realize supply chain placement in the five Mekong countries across a wide range of industries,including healthcare,manufacturing and automotive.Vietnam and Thailand are the core areas of Japan's supply chain layout,focusing on high-tech sectors such as semiconductors,auto parts and medical equipments.At the same time,Japan helps the development of digital infrastructure,smart cities and innovative industries in the five Mekong countries.As a result,Japan has promoted the digital transformation of enterprises and the diversification of supply chains.Meanwhile,Japan focuses on the development of the green economy and promotes the diversification of clean energy supply chains.Despite the huge market potential,challenges such as insufficient infrastructure,economic imbalance and supply chain cost and efficiency issues remain.