新时代农民工就业趋势特征及高质量就业路径探究

Exploring the Characteristics of Employment Trends and High-quality Employment Paths for Migrant Workers in the New Era

中国农民工总量已经超过2.9亿人,是劳动力市场的主力军,在实现共同富裕的目标下,要确保农民工更加充分、更高质量地就业。近年来,农民工就业出现新的趋势特征,从人口学视角上来看,农民工群体呈现出年龄结构逐渐老化、人力资本结构逐步优化的特征;从流动方式上来看,农民工群体趋向于举家搬迁、就近就地就业的本地化特征;从就业结构上来看,农民工群体从事行业呈现多元化特征。但是受到经济下行压力等多重因素叠加影响,农民工就业面临一些困境,包括需求端的就业环境严峻、供给端的个体禀赋不足、保障端的渠道权益受限等,这都在一定程度上制约了农民工实现高质量就业。为应对困境,文章提出可以按照优化外部就业环境、提高内生就业能力和健全就业保障体系作为实现路径,推进农民工实现高质量的就业创业新局面。此外,文章认为应将引领县域产业体系升级、健全教育和技能培训体系、提升公共就业服务水平等作为政策着力点,以保障农民工群体更充分和更有质量地就业。

The total number of migrant workers in China has exceeded 290 million,making them the main force in the labor market.To achieve the goal of common prosperity,it is necessary to ensure that migrant farmers are fully employed and with high-quality.In recent years,there have been new trends in the employment of migrant workers.Firstly,in terms of demographic characteristics,the migrant worker population is gradually aging while the human capital structure is optimizing;in terms of mobility,the group of migrant workers exhibits obvious localized characteristics;in terms of employment structure,the group of migrant workers tends to engage in diversified industries.However,due to the combined impact of multiple factors,such as economic downturn pressure,the employment of migrant workers faces some difficulties,including a severe employment environment on the demand side,insufficient individual endowments on the supply side,and limited channel rights and interests on the guarantee side,all of which to some extent restrict the realization of high-quality employment for migrant workers.To cope with the difficulties,the article proposes that optimizing the external employment environment,improving endogenous employment capacity,and establishing a sound employment security system can be taken as the implementation path to promote a new situation of high-quality employment and entrepreneurship for migrant workers.In addition,this article believes that leading the upgrading of county-level industrial systems,improving education and skills training systems,and enhancing the level of public employment services should be the focuses of policy efforts to ensure more comprehensive and high-quality employment for migrant workers.