再造“荒野”:都市需求与纽约州森林保护区的形成(1872-1894)

The Recreation of"Wilderness":The Urban Needs and the Formation of New York State's ForestPreserves(1872-1894)

纽约州阿迪朗达克森林保护区被视作“纯粹荒野”的典范。森林的野生状态得益于该州带有“封锁”性质的“永久野生”政策。城市居民的供水和娱乐需求主导了纽约州森林保护区的创建及“永久野生”政策的形成。这种“封锁”性质的保护在保留野生自然方面意义非凡,但也有着令人不安的后果:否定了当地人传统的公共森林使用模式,将森林“去生计化”,彰显着某种环境不正义的面相;简化了自然本身的功能和价值,使自然“再荒野化”,建构起人类生存与自然保护对立的认知。就此而言,城市居民的需求决定了纽约州森林保护的性质和特征,再造了一片符合都市愿望的“无人荒野”。

The Adirondack Forest Preserve in New York State is regarded as a paradigm of"pristine wilderness".The untamed forest is a result of the"Forever Wild"policy with stringent restrictions.The establishment of forest preserves and the formation of"Forever Wild"policy are primarily driven by city dwellers'needs for water supply and recreation.The"lock-up"preservation is of great significance in preserving wild nature,but it also leaves behind a troubling legacy:It negates the usage mode of traditional public forests among local communities,prohibits the consumptive utilization of forests,and reveals some aspect of environmental injustice;It oversimplifies the functions and value of nature itself,"rewilding"the nature,and constructing an apparent contradiction between human subsistence and preservation.In this sense,city dwellers'needs shape the nature and characteristics of forest preservation in New York State,recreating an"uninhabited wilderness"that caters to urban needs.