兜底条款的法理透析与设置技术

An Analysis of the Legal Rationality and Drafting Techniques of Catch-All Provisions

兜底条款是以一个条文前面列举的各项规定为典型情形,对剩余的次要事项,以含有“其他”的命题式语句,体现为法律文本层次结构“项”的总括规定。基于良法标准对法律中兜底条款进行观察,可以发现诸多不尽如人意之处:“兜”“底”错配,外观标识不清,列举层次过少,主次地位混同。兜底条款是个复杂的法律现象,并不是非此即彼、非黑即白的选择,需要在多元的法律价值目标面前,运用法律智慧,寻找一个合适的平衡点。兜底条款有着特定的规范结构、功能定位,也有着相应的技术规范。兜底条款的设置,应当编入立法技术规范,选择疏密适度的“过滤网”,经过充分细致的立法论证,采取与时俱进的动态调整。

Catch-all provisions typically address the residual,minor matters not covered by the main provisions of a legal text,using propositional statements containing the word“other”to form an overarching clause at the hierarchical“item”level of the legal document.Observing existing catch-all provisions in current laws based on the standard of good legislation reveals several shortcomings:mismatch between scope and depth,unclear external markers,insufficient levels of enumeration,and confusion between primary and secondary status.Catch-all provisions represent a complex legal phenomenon;they are not binary choices but rather require legal wisdom to strike a balance among diverse and even contradictory legal values.They have specific normative structures,functional positions,and corresponding technical specifications.The design of catch-all provisions should be incorporated into legislative technical standards,using an appropriately dense“filter”chosen.At the same time,we should proceed thorough legislative reasoning and adopt dynamic adjustments in line with contemporary developments.