知识史视角下桂枝药材构建与形塑的文献考察

Documentary examination of construction and shaping of Guizhi herbs in perspective of knowledge history

文章对桂枝药材纳入本草叙事的历史脉络予以考察,研究发现唐以前本草文献未见桂枝之名;唐代以桂心为主流药名,出现桂心的别名桂枝,偶见以桂枝名方的方剂。宋初《太平圣惠方》中部分仲景方已配伍桂枝。北宋校正医书局前期所编著本草著作出现对桂枝形态的描述,指出“张仲景治伤寒用桂枝汤”;校正医书官在后期所校各书将仲景方中的桂类药物统一为桂枝,将其他汉唐古方中的桂类药物统一为桂心。此后随着宋校医书的定型化及其广泛流传,桂枝与桂心并为桂类药物之称,以书面化知识的形式推广普及。北宋中期以降,在理学格物致知学术背景下,诸多医家取类比象,进一步丰富桂枝的本草叙事,形塑为以“干燥嫩枝”入药的认识,至今沿用。提示既往关于桂枝的研究有待重新审视。

The article examines the historical lineage of inclusion of Guizhi herbs in the herbal narrative,and the study finds that the name of Guizhi was not found in the materia medica literatures before Tang dynasty;in Tang dynasty,Guixin was used as the mainstream medicine name,and the alias Guizhi appeared,and occasionally prescriptions with the name Guizhi were found.In the early Song dynasty,some of Zhongjing’s Prescriptions in the Taiping Shenghui Fang were already accompanied by Guizhi.The description of the form of Guizhi appeared in the early works on materia medica compiled by the Northern Song Dynasty Corrective Medical Book Bureau,stating that ZHANG Zhongjing used Guizhi Decoction for treating typhoid fever;the later books of Song ministers unified the Gui-like drugs in Zhongjing’s prescriptions as Guizhi,and the Gui-like drugs in other prescriptions of ancient Han and Tang as Guixin.Later,with the stereotyping of medical books in Song schools and their wide circulation,the term Guizhi and Guixin were combined as the name of Gui medicine,and were popularized in the form of written knowledge.Since the middle of the Northern Song dynasty,in the context of the academic academic background of Confucian school of idealist philosophy of the Song and Ming dynasties for studying phenomena to acquire knowledge,many medical scholars took analogies and further enriched the herbal narrative of Guizhi,shaping it into the understanding that dried shoots are used as medicine,which is still used today.This suggests that the previous research on Guizhi needs to be re-examined.