利益平衡视阈下公司清算义务人制度的失衡矫正及其法律实现

The Imbalance Correction of Corporate Liquidation Obligor System and Its Legal Realization from the Perspective of Interests Balance

公司清算义务人制度作为公司资本运行机制退出端的关键组成部分,是公司相关者的利益纠集高地,因此其立法理念和规则要点是否合理为债权人、出资人和其他当事人密切关注。2023年修订的《公司法》对该制度的设计呈现出治理路径固定化、主体布局单一绝对化、主体辨识身份形式化及制度价值导向单一化的特征,不仅未能有效填充《民法典》所遗留下来的制度缺口,也无法承担起对当事人具体利益和国家公共利益的有效均衡。故而,对其失衡进行矫正的可行策略是将公司有限自治与法定治理相结合,对义务主体的配置从单一模式转变为多元协作,对主体的身份定位调整为基于类型的精准识别,并对多元参与主体进行顺位设计。在制度的实现上,可在《公司法》司法解释或《企业破产法》等关联规则中补充清算义务人有限意定规则,同时架设多元顺位的法定安排,并辅之以诉讼法非讼程序衔接机制。

As a key component of the exit end of the company's capital operation mechanism,the system of company liquidation obligor is a high ground for the interests of the company's related parties,therefore,the reasonableness of its legislative concept and the key points of the rules are closely watched by creditors,investors and other parties.The design of the system in the Company Law revised in 2023 is characterized by a solidified path of governance,a single absolute layout of subjects,a formalized identity of subjects and a single oriented value of the system,which not only fails to effectively fill the system gap left by the Civil Code,but also fails to undertake an effective balance between the specific interests of the parties and the public interest of the State.Therefore,a feasible strategy to correct the imbalance is to combine the limited autonomy of the company with statutory governance,to change the configuration of the obligated subjects from a single model to a multifaceted collaboration,to adjust the identity positioning of the subjects to a precise identification based on type,and to adopt a parochial design for the multifaceted participating subjects.In terms of specific institutional realization,the judicial interpretation of the Company Law or related rules such as the Enterprise Bankruptcy Law can be supplemented with limited rules on the liquidation obligor,and the statutory arrangement of multiple subordination,and an efficient mechanism for the connection of non-litigation procedures of litigation law.