教化、国家强制与惩罚:论传统中国法的规则要素与结构原理

Education,State Coercion and Punishment:On the Rule Elements and Structural Principles of Traditional Chinese Law

关于传统中国法秩序的结构,法史学界缺乏规则要素角度的系统性分析。引入现代规范法学的视角,可发现传统国家法有三个规则要素:教化(x假定条件+行为模式)、国家强制(y)与惩罚制裁(z)。惩罚制裁出现在整体法秩序中具有必然性,但在具体规则中则具有或然性。由此,汉代以来传统国家法呈现为教化式强制(礼)与惩罚式强制(刑)分化、并立的辩证统一结构,其法秩序正当性原理为:圣人则天施仁德而制礼、刑。其精义在于:法秩序唯有先教后杀、先礼后刑,由仁德先后依次创设礼教(x)、政令(x+y)、刑律(x+y+z)之规范,方为合理正当;在裁判实践中,若真正的教化实现了,则惩罚不必出场。教化法与惩罚法分立,而又共同致力于教化,此乃传统法的核心精神。重拾传统法的教化精神,乃是今人复兴中华法系的重要路径。

Regarding the structure of the traditional legal order in China,there is a lack of systematic analysis on the elements of rules in the field of legal history.From the perspective of new normative jurisprudence,we can find that the traditional state law has three elements of rules:enlightenment(assuming conditions+behavior mode),state coercion and punishment.It is inevitable that punishment and sanctions appear in the order structure,but it is probable in the expression of rules.Therefore,the traditional national law presents a structure of differentiation and coexistence of enlightenment coercion and punishment coercion,and the principle of legitimacy of its legal order is:saints are benevolent,virtuous and following the Heavenly Way,while rituals and punishments are made.Its essence lies in the following:the legal order can only be reasonable and justified if the ruler teaches before killing,the ritual before punishment,and benevolence and virtue successively create the norms of rites and music,decrees and criminal laws;In the practice of judging,if the true enlightenment is realized,the punishment does not have to appear.It is the core spirit of traditional law that enlightenment and punishment are separated and dialectically unified in enlightenment.It is the fundamental way for modern people to rebuild Chinese legal system to regain the spirit of traditional enlightenment law.