自觉意识下乡村振兴的维度——一种理解农民生活基础的文化转型人类学

Dimensions of Rural Revitalization Under Self-consciousness:an anthropology of cultural transformation to understand the roots of peasant life

在文化转型背景下,乡村存在有其自身的复杂性与简单性,所谓乡村问题是旧问题和新问题的相互叠加,由此带来乡村社会结构的转变,同时引发自觉意识下的文化转变。乡村的文化转型不会独自发生,有某种物质上、制度上的先行转变,才可能有真正凝缩性的、或固化了的文化意义的生成,以及新的价值观念的创造。乡村以两个面向而存在:其一是以土地作为根基的乡村,其二是作为文化而存在的乡村,两者交互作用,彼此依赖。对我们而言,必须要注意到乡土文化这一维度所发生变化的那些部分,同时也要注意到那些没有改变的、持久性地作为文化硬核而存在的部分。城乡之间的分界正在被打破,基于城乡融合关系走向的城乡之间会更加紧密地相互联系在一起,在城乡之间的乡村存在日益成为我们要去思考的一个场景。乡村不是一种孤立性的存在,而是处在城乡之间、乡村和城市之间在文化与社会功能上都有着一种彼此勾连的一体性。因此,我们便要注意到在文化约束下乡村形貌的根基性差异。在中国乡村的根底里有一种受到土地所束缚的乡土性存在,而西方世界则一直试图从土地之中脱离出来,转而成为受到十字架所束缚的那种共同体的存在。我们因此也需要注意到在转型的语境之下,中国乡村的独特性存在如何转而成为了现代知识得以创造的试验场。对乡村问题的研究,不论是“外来者言”,还是“自说自话”者,都可能会走上极端,即会偏离于“处在文化之中的乡村究竟意味着什么”那个中心点。只有取法乎其中,或许才可能得到这个问题的适恰理解,即尝试着用乡村去理解乡村,回归于乡村生活本体。

Under the background of cultural transformation,the rural life in China exists with its own complexity and simplicity.The overlapping of its chronicles questions and fresh ones brings about its current questions,leading to changes of rural social structure and futher cultural changes under self-consciousness.The cultural transformation of the countryside will not happen alone.Only with some kind of material and institutional transformation can there be the generation of real condensing or solidified cultural significance and the creation of new values.Rural life can be summerized in two aspects:on one hand,it has land as its root,and on the other it also exists as culture.These two states interact with and depend on each other.At the same time,attention should also be paid to those parts that remain unchanged and persist as cultural hardcores.The boundary between urban and rural areas is being broken,and the urban-rural integration based relationship will become more closely interconnected.The existence of rural areas between urban and rural areas is increasingly becoming a scenario that we need to think about.The study of rural issues,whether it is“outsiders speaking”or“self talkers”,may go to extremes,deviating from the central point of“what does rural culture mean?”.Only by taking the appropriate approach can we possibly obtain an appropriate understanding of this issue,that is,trying to understand the countryside through the countryside and returning to the essence of rural life.