清代涉藏敕书语种及其演变原因探析——以1636-1720年间的涉藏敕书为例

An Analysis of the Language Types and Evolutionary Reasons of Tibetan Imperial Edicts in the Qing Dynasty:focusing on edicts from 1636-1720

敕书、诏书、铁券文书等作为祖国历史档案的重要组成部分,自萨迦行政时期中央政府与西藏地方政府之间频繁的交往开始,到清朝中央政府通过颁赐敕书、敕令和赐予封号等形式,与西藏地方行政机构和宗教人士之间建立起丰富的书信交往,逐渐累积形成涉及政治、经济、文化等多个方面的文书档案。这些档案不仅记录历史事件,还在促进各民族交往交流交融方面发挥了重要作用,为多民族国家的稳定发展、团结统一提供了有力支撑。文章主要聚焦于公元17世纪中叶至18世纪上半叶有关西藏历史的敕书,分析这些珍贵的文书档案如何成为研究西藏历史的重要资料。此外,探讨从“单一蒙文”转变为“满蒙藏文三体合璧字”的原因,认为这一转变主要基于当时的政治形势和实际需要,体现了中央政府在涉藏工作中为更好地沟通、管理并对各民族的尊重而采用了多文字合璧的书写形式。这一转变对于理解清代涉藏敕书的形成、保存和解读具有重要意义。综上所述,揭示了这些文书在西藏历史研究中的重要价值,以及在档案学上的特点。这一研究不仅有助于深化对西藏地方历史的认识,而且也为理解多民族国家的形成和发展提供了有益的历史借鉴。

Edicts and decrees are a common type of document in the historical archives of our country.During the Sakya administration period,the central government and the local government of Xizang had frequent contacts.Since the central government of the Qing Dynasty has issued imperial edicts,decrees and titles to local administrative agencies and religious leaders in Xizang,these exchanges through letters and other forms have gradually accumulated a wealth of documents and archives.In the long-term exchanges between the central government of the Qing Dynasty and the local government of Xizang,these documents and archives involved many aspects such as politics,economy and culture.With the increasingly close contact between the two sides.This paper mainly discusses the imperial edicts related to Xizang in the Qing Dynasty,especially the imperial edicts and imperial edicts related to Xizang’s history from the middle of the 17th century to the first half of the 18th century,and analyzes how these precious documents and archives became important materials for studying Tibetan history.The reason for the transformation from a single Mongolian script to a combination of Manchu,Mongolian,and Tibetan characters is mainly based on the political situation and practical needs at that time.In the work related to Tibet during the Qing Dynasty,in order to better communicate,manage,and demonstrate respect for various ethnic groups,the central government adopted this multi lingual writing form.This promoting understanding and unity among all ethnic groups.Meanwhile,this is also the result of extensive contact and cultural exchange among various ethnic groups.