敦煌藏文文献P.T.1047语法新探

A New Exploration of the Grammar of Dunhuang Tibetan Manuscript P.T.1047

敦煌藏文文献P.T.1047是目前国内外所藏敦煌藏文文献中篇幅最长的一篇占卜类文书,其内容除了涉及普通百姓的社会生活之外,还涉及吐蕃赞普时期的历史事件和历史人物。该文书因其丰富的内容和特殊的卜法,受到了国内外历史学、社会学领域学者的广泛关注。学术界除了对该占卜文献中所记录的卜法存有争议外,对文献的书写年代也持有不同的看法,部分学者认为该文献的书写年代为公元6—7世纪,是藏族最古老的一类文献,而另一部分学者则认为其书写年代不早于8世纪。从语言学的角度来说,敦煌藏文文献P.T.1047的语法现象保留着古藏语词法与句法相对简略时期的语法特征,对研究古藏语语法及其演变具有重要的文献价值和学术意义价值。文章通过藏语传统语法学理论与现代语言学理论相结合方法,对敦煌藏文文献P.T.1047的词缀、格助词、句子等方面一些重要的语法现象进行了分析和探讨,并与其他敦煌藏文文献和赞普时期的碑文等藏文文献进行对比分析,发现P.T.1047文献语言具有格标记语法功能不明显、不稳定,句法结构相对简略等鲜明的语法特征,认为该文献所记载的藏语正处于从原始藏语到古藏语的过渡时期,其书写年代基本不晚于7世纪。

The Dunhuang Tibetan manuscript P.T.1047 is the longest and rich in contents among the Tibetan manuscripts in Dunhuang at home and abroad at present,and it is a divination document involving the history of the Tibetan btsanpo period.In addition to the controversy over the divination methods recorded in this document,the academic community also holds different views on the writing age of the document.Some believe that the writing age of this document was 6-7 century AD,which is the oldest kind of Tibetan documents.Some believe it was written no earlier than the 8th century.From the perspective of linguistics,the grammatical phenomenon of this document retains the grammatical features of the immature period of ancient Tibetan morphology and syntax,which has important documentary value and academic significance for the historical research of ancient Tibetan grammar and the evolution of Tibetan grammar.At present,there are few relevant research results on the grammar of this document in the academic circle.It is found that the language of P.T.1047 manuscript has obvious grammatical features such as the inconspicuous function of case marker grammar,instability,immature syntactic structure,etc.It is believed that the Tibetan recorded in this document is in the transitional period from primitive Tibetan to ancient Tibetan,and its writing time is basically no later than the 7th century.