吐蕃时期扎玛噶曲寺修建历史及艺术考

Kachu:History and Art of a Surviving Yarlung Dynasty Temple

公元7世纪末至8世纪初,印度佛教还未在吐蕃弘扬。都松莽波杰执政期间,吐蕃政局异常复杂,朝廷内新旧大臣结党营私、争权夺利,同时利用宗教势力以达目的。在吐蕃边境则硝烟弥漫,战火纷飞。都松莽波杰在远征南诏时突然逝世,引发两派王位继承者及幕后拥护人关于继位权的激烈斗争,直至酿成叛乱。于是,墀玛略废除拉拨布王位继承权,拥立赤德祖赞为王,处决幕后操纵大臣,试图与唐建立友好关系,迎请金城公主为赞普王妃。金城公主经赞普默许邀请于阗僧人到吐蕃传法修建扎玛噶曲寺。噶曲寺建筑结构及布局均沿袭吐蕃早期房屋建筑形式,即殿中立有高大木柱,用以支撑天花板,柱头饰有罕见动物母题雕刻纹样。殿内造像供有受中亚和于阗艺术风格影响的众菩萨、释伽牟尼主尊佛及护法神等佛像。此外,殿内还供奉有吐蕃早期艺术佛像,即统治敦煌时吸收借鉴中亚和敦煌艺术而形成的本土早期艺术形式。梳理研读汉藏史籍文献,在阐述赤德祖赞时期吐蕃政治文化概况的基础上,研究噶曲寺修建年代、建造者及修建意义。同时,考究噶曲寺两阶段艺术渊源、风格特征及学术价值。

From the end of the seventh century to the beginning of the eighth century,Indian Buddhism had not been promoted in Yarlung Dynasty.The complexities of the Tibetan political situation reached a peak during the region‘Dus srong mang po rje.His rule was marked by struggles for power at the Tibetan court among mutually antagonistic clans,the manipulation of religion for temporal purposes,and an almost continuous sate of war against fierce neighbors along the borders of the Tibetan empire.The death of‘Dus srong mang po rje in the campaigning in the distant country of‘Jang instigated a period of significant political change.Therefore,‘Bro khri ma lod abolished the right to the throne of Lha bal po,made Khri lde gtsug rtsan as king,executed the minister behind the scenes and tried to establish friendly diplomatic relations with Tang courts,to welcomed Kim shang kong co as queen for the king Khri lde gtsug rtsan.Kong co invited of Buddhist monks from Khotan with the apparent acquiescence of Khri lde gtsug rtsan,and built the Kachu Temple.The architectural structure and layout of Kachu Temple follow the architectural form of early Tibet houses,that is the temple has tall wooden columns to support the ceiling,and the capitals are decorated with rare animal motif carvings.The statues in the temple are provided for the Buddha statues influenced by the artistic style of Central Asia and Khotan.In addition,there are also the early Tibetan art Buddha statues in the temple,that is the local early art form formed by the absorption of Central Asia and Dun-huang.art when Tibetan empire ruling Dun-huang.On the basis of sorting out and studying the Chinese and Tibetan historical documents and explaining the general situation of Tibetan politics and culture in the period of Khri lde gtsug rtsan,this paper studies the construction time,builder and significance of Kachu Temple.Finally,the artistic origin,style characteristics and academic value of Kachu Temple are studied.