论社会历史认识论的发生学基础——基于索恩-雷特尔对“先验主体”论的批判

Tracing the Genetic Basis and Mechanism of Social Historical Epistemology Based on Sohn-Rethel's Critique of Transcendental Subject Theory

与康德将知识理论的发生学起源追溯于认识主体的先天综合能力不同,马克思的社会历史认识论坚持社会存在决定社会意识的唯物史观。索恩-雷特尔站在历史唯物主义的立场上,一方面证明了源起于主体之行为的现实抽象的存在,同时论证了现实抽象向思维抽象过渡的可行性,由此指明了主体思维形式发端于现实抽象的历史唯物主义基础;另一方面,在精确把握康德先验主体之“先天综合能力”的基础上,抓住货币所具有的同一性及其社会综合功能,成功地将认识主体的所谓“先天综合能力”的综合之起源链接到了货币综合。通过上述两方面的努力,索恩-雷特尔不仅实现了对康德“先验主体”论的批判,而且深刻阐发了唯物史观“社会存在决定社会意识”的微观运作机制,这一微观机制的探讨将有助于历史唯物主义认识论研究的深化。

Unlike Kant,who traced the genesis of the theory of knowledge to a priori and synthetic judgement ability of the cognitive subject,Marx's social historical epistemology insists that historical materialism of social existence determines social consciousness.From the standpoint of historical materialism,Sohn-Rethel,on the one hand,proves the existence of the real abstraction,which originated from the behavior of the subject,and at the same time argued the feasibility of the transition from the real abstraction to thought abstraction,thus pointed out the basis of historical materialism that the form of the subject's thought originated from the real abstraction.On the other hand,on the basis of accurately grasping the Kantian transcendental subject's“a priori and synthetic judgement ability”,the subject successfully links the origin of the synthesis of the so-called“a priori and synthetic judgement ability”of the subject of cognition to the monetary synthesis by grasping the identity of money and its social synthesis function.Through the above two efforts,Sohn-Rethel not only realized the critique of Kant's“transcendental subject”theory,but also profoundly elucidated the micro-operating mechanism of“social existence determines social consciousness”of historical materialism,the exploration of this micro-mechanism contributes to the deepening of the study of historical materialism epistemology.